Cu粉复合球磨处理对V基固溶体型贮氢合金电化学性能的影响

研究了V基固溶体型贮氢合金(TiV211Ni013和TiV211Ni015)与Cu粉进行复合球磨处理对其相结构及电化学性能的影响。X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析表明,铸态合金均由体心立方(bcc)结构的V基固溶体主相和bcc结构的TiNi基第二相组成;当与Cu粉复合球磨处理后,合金均变成由V基固溶体主相和体心四方(bct)结构的CuNi2Ti第二相组成,且合金颗粒的表面状态发生改变。电化学测试表明,球磨处理后合金电极的最大放电容量增加了25～39mA·h/g,100次循环容量保持率大幅提高,循环稳定性得到显著改善。结果表明,Cu粉复合球磨处理是通过同时改变V基合金的第二相成分和晶体结构以及合金颗粒的表面状态来改善合金的电极性能,这与其他传统球磨方式仅通过改变合金的表面状态来改善电极性能的作用机制有所不同。

添加Ti_(0.9)Zr_(0.1)Mn_(1.5)复合球磨对Ti_(9.6)V_(86.4)Fe_4合金储氢性能的影响

系统研究了Ti9.6V86.4Fe4储氢合金中掺入10%(质量分数)的Ti0.9Zr0.1Mn1.5进行复合球磨对其相结构及储氢性能的影响.X射线衍射分析表明,Ti9.6V86.4Fe4铸态合金具有单一的体心立方(BCC)结构固溶体相,当添加10%的Ti0.9Zr0.1Mn1.5复合球磨后,复合物由BCC主相和C14型Laves第2相组成.扫描电子显微镜及X射线能量色散谱仪分析表明,Ti9.6V86.4Fe4合金粉颗粒表面包覆了一层Ti0.9Zr0.1Mn1.5微粒.储氢性能测试表明,Ti9.6V86.4Fe4中掺入10%的Ti0.9Zr0.1Mn1.5复合球磨后,虽然室温最大吸氢量(质量分数)从3.86%略微降低至3.61%,但其有效储氢量(质量分数)由2.01%提高到2.11%,活化性能和P-C-T曲线平台特性都得到了明显改善.

导电炭黑/磁性氧化物复合吸波剂的制备与表征

分别选用Fe3O4、Co2O3和NiO粉末与导电炭黑(V7-CB)复配,制得了3类复合吸波剂。对3类产物的吸波性能进行了综合研究,结果表明,在所选用的3种磁性氧化物中,Fe3O4是改善V7-CB吸波性能的最佳材料。在此基础上,进一步研究了复合工艺对V7-CB/Fe3O4复合吸波剂的物相组成、微观形貌和吸波性能的影响,结果表明,与手工复合工艺相比,球磨复合工艺可显著提升Fe3O4与V7-CB的复合均匀性及复合产物的吸波效能。

锆基纳米复合储氢材料HTQAB_(2.1)/Mg的微结构与电化学性能

采用球磨复合+烧结处理(BMS)及机械复合+烧结处理(MMS)两种方法制备了Zr0.9Ti0.1(Ni0.57V0.10Mn0.28Co0.05)2.1 X%Mg(X=10,20)锆基纳米复合储氢材料·经XRD、TEM SAED分析表明,BMS和MMS的复合储氢材料皆由MgCu2型立方结构的单一C15 Laves相Zr基合金和密排六方结构的Mg金属构成,未发现两者之间的合金化效应·电化学测试表明,在60mA/g电流密度下,复合材料(MMS、BMS)活化性能好·MMS电极的最大放电容量为410mAh/g(X=20),而BMS的放电容量为360mAh/g(X=20)·在大电流密度下(≥3000mA/g),BMS电极的容量明显高于MMS电极,以BMS(HTQAB2 1 10%Mg)电极的大电流放电性能为最好·因此,HTQAB2 1锆基纳米复合材料不仅适用于高能量型NiMH动力电池而且更适用于高功率型NiMH动力电池·

Preparation and tribological performances of Ni-P-multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite coatings

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes （MWNTs） were wet-milled in the presence of ammonia and cationic surfactant and then used as reinforcements to prepare Ni-P-MWNTs composite coatings by electroless plating. The tribological performances of the composite coatings under dry condition were investigated in comparison with 45 steel and conventional Ni-P coating, Micrographs show that short MWNTs with uniform length and open tips were obtained through the wet-milling process. The results of wear test reveal that the Ni-P-MWNTs composite coatings posses much better friction reduction and anti-wear performances when compared with 45 steel and Ni-P coating. Within the MWNTs content range of 0.74%-1.97%, the friction coefficient and the volume wear rate of the composite coatings decrease gradually and reach the minimum values of 0.08 and 6.22x10-15 m3/（N.m）, respectively. The excellent tribological performances of the composite coatings can be attributed to the introduction of MWNTs, which play both roles of reinforcements and solid lubricant during the wear process.

Effect of mechanical alloying time and rotation speed on evolution of CNTs/Al-2024 composite powders

Carbon nanotubes （CNTs） reinforced aluminum matrix composites were fabricated by mechanical milling followed by hot extrusion. The commercial Al-2024 alloy with 1% CNTs was milled under various ball milling conditions. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the milled powder and consolidated bulk materials were examined by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM） and mechanical test. The effect of CNTs concentration and milling time on the microstructure of the CNTs/Al-2024 composites was studied. Based on the structural observation, the formation behavior of nanostructure in ball milled powder was discussed. The results show that the increment in the milling time and ration speed, for a fixed amount of CNTs, causes a reduction of the particle size of powders resulting from MM. The finest particle size was obtained after 15 h of milling. Moreover, the composite had an increase in tensile strength due to the small amount of CNTs addition.

Stabilization of ferric arsenate sludge with mechanochemically prepared FeS2/Fe composites

FeS2/Fe composites were mechanochemically prepared with iron powder and pyrite for the stabilization of ferrite arsenate sludge(FAS).The effects of preparation parameters on stabilization performance were investigated.The results show that the optimum conditions are FeS2/Fe molar ratio of 5:5,milling time of 2 h,ball-to-material mass ratio of 15:1 and milling with stainless steel ball.Then,the composites were characterized by XRD,SEM,FTIR,etc.The physicochemical properties of FeS2/Fe mixture change dramatically,which is responsible for its excellent performance.Finally,the stabilization process of FAS was optimized.When the FAS is mixed with composites at mass ratio of 4:1 and milled for 30 min,the As leaching concentration of FAS can be reduced from 639.15 to 4.74 mg/L with the stabilization ratio of 99.2%.

Effect of SiC content on dry sliding wear, corrosion and corrosive wear of Al/SiC nanocomposites

The corrosion, corrosive wear and dry sliding wear of nanocomposites, are extremely complicated and involve various chemical, physical anbd mechanical factors. The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of nanosized SiC content on the hardness, dry sliding wear, corrosion and corrosive wear of Al/SiC nanocomposites synthesized by mechanical milling cold pressing and hot extrusion. The corrosion resistance of these composites in 3%NaCl solution was investigated by electrochemical polarization testing and their dry sliding as well as corrosive wear resistance in the same solution was evaluated using a pin-on-disc tester. The microstructures of the samples and their worn surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the dry sliding wear and corrosion resistance of these nanocomposites were improved with the increase of SiC content. It was concluded that due to the lubrication effect of the solution, both the friction coefficient and frictional heat that might soften the material were reduced. In addition, the improved strength of the nanocomposites combined with their better corrosion resistance contributed to their increased corrosive wear resistance, compared with the base alloy. The prominent wear mechanism in the unreinforced alloy was adhesive wear, in the Al/SiC nanocomposites, the wear mechanism changed to abrasive.

Mechanical properties of aluminum-based nanocomposite reinforced with fullerenes

The strengthening effect of fullerenes in aluminum matrix composites was investigated. The composites are produced using a two-step ball-milling technique combined with a hot rolling process. First, fullerene aggregates, where fullerene molecules initially come together to form giant particles(~200 μm in diameter) via van der Waals bonding, are shattered into smaller particles(~1 μm in diameter) by planetary milling. Second, primarily ball-milled fullerenes are dispersed in aluminum powder via attrition milling. Finally, aluminum/fullerene composite powder is consolidated by hot-rolling at 480 °C. For the composite sheet, grain refinement strengthening and dispersion hardening by fullerenes are accomplished at the same time, thereby exhibiting HV ~222 of Vickers hardness(e.g., ~740 MPa of yield strength) with only 2%(volume fraction) of fullerenes.

Na2FePO4F/C composite synthesized via a simple solid state route for lithium-ion batteries

Using low-cost FePO4·2H2O as iron source,Na2FePO4F/C composite is prepared by alcohol-assisted ball milling and solid-state reaction method.The XRD pattern of Na2FePO4F/C composite demonstrates sharp peaks,indicating high crystalline and phase purity.The SEM and TEM images reveal that diameter of the spherical-like Na2FePO4F/C particles ranges from 50 to 300 nm,and HRTEM image shows that the surface of Na2FePO4F/C composite is uniformly coated by carbon layer with a average thickness of about 3.6 nm.The carbon coating constrains the growth of the particles and effectively reduces the agglomeration of nanoparticles.Using lithium metal as anode,the composite delivers a discharge capacities of 102.8,96.4 and 90.3 mA·h/g at rates of 0.5C,1C and 2C,respectively.After 100 cycles at 0.5C,a discharge capacity of 98.9 mA·h/g is maintained with capacity retention of 96.2%.The Li+diffusion coefficient(D)of Na2FePO4F/C composite is calculated as 1.71×10^–9 cm^2/s.This study reveals that the simple solid state reaction could be a practical and effective synthetic route for the industrial production of Na2FePO4F/C material.

Processing, characterization, room temperature mechanical properties and fracture behavior of hot extruded multi-scale B_4C reinforced 5083 aluminum alloy based composites

Microstructural characteristics and mechanical behavior of hot extruded Al5083/B4C nanocomposites were studied.Al5083and Al5083/B4C powders were milled for50h under argon atmosphere in attrition mill with rotational speed of400r/min.For increasing the elongation,milled powders were mixed with30%and50%unmilled aluminum powder(mass fraction)with meanparticle size of>100μm and<100μm and then consolidated by hot pressing and hot extrusion with9:1extrusion ratio.Hot extrudedsamples were studied by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),tensile and hardness tests.The results showed that mechanical milling process andpresence of B4C particles increase the yield strength of Al5083alloy from130to566MPa but strongly decrease elongation(from11.3%to0.49%).Adding<100μm unmilled particles enhanced the ductility and reduced tensile strength and hardness,but usingthe>100μm unmilled particles reduced the tensile strength and ductility at the same time.By increasing the content of unmilledparticles failure mechanism changed from brittle to ductile.

Synthesis of Al-SrB_6 composite via powder metallurgy processing

The potential of powder metallurgy processing for the manufacture of Al?SrB6 composites was explored. Al4Sr particles fractured extensively during the ball milling of Al?15Sr/Al?4B powder mixtures. There was no interaction between the Al4Sr and AlB2 compounds across the section of the aluminium grains in the as-milled state. SrB6 formed, when the ball milled powder blends were subsequently annealed at sufficiently high temperatures. Ball milling for 1 h was sufficient for SrB6 to become the major constituent in powder blends annealed at 700 °C while it took 2 h of ball milling for powder blends annealed at 600 °C. Higher annealing temperatures and longer ball milling time encouraged the formation of the SrB6 compound while the latter made a great impact on the microstructural features of the Al?SrB6 composite. The SrB6 compound particles were much smaller and more uniformly distributed across the aluminium matrix grains in powder grains ball milled for 2 h before the annealing treatments at 600 °C and 700 °C.

Phase transformation of nano-grained W(Co, C) composite powder and its phase constitute

A new process of WC-Co cemented carbide was developed by using nano-grained W（Co, C） composite powders as raw materials processed by high-energy ball milling. X-ray diffraetion（XRD）, differential thermal analysis （DTA）, thermo-gravimetrie （TG） analysis and coercive forces of the sintered samples were adopted to analyze the phase transformation and constitution, and the microstructures of sintered samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The results show that the as-milled powders are transformed into transitional phases W2C and η （Co3W3C or Co6W6C） during sintering, and finally transformed into WC and Co phases completely at 1 250℃ for 30 min, and a large number of fibrous WC grains with about 1.2μm in length and 100 nm in radial dimension are formed in the sintered body at 1 300 ℃.

Improved hydrogenation properties of Mg-x(Ti_(0.9) Zr_(0.2) Mn_(1.5) Cr_(0.3))composites

Mg-x(Ti0.9 Zr0.2 Mn1.5 Cr0.3)(x=20%,30%,40%) (mass fraction) composite powders were prepared by reactive ball milling with hydrogen and their hydrogen storage properties and microstructure were investigated by XRD,SEM and pressure-composition-temperature measurement.The results show that the composites have 3.83%-5.07%hydrogen capacity at 553 K and good hydrogenation kinetics,even at room temperature.Among them,the milled Mg-30%(Ti0.9Zr0.2Mn1.5Cr0.3)composite has the highest hydrogenation kinetics as it can quickly absorb 2.1%hydrogen at 373 K,3.5%in 2 000 s at 473 K,even 3.26%in 60 s at 553 K under 3 MPa hydrogen pressure.The improved hydrogenation properties come from the catalytic effect of Ti0.9 Zr0.2 Mn1.5 Cr0.3 particles dispersed uniformly on the surface of Mg particles.

纳米TiO_2/聚氯乙烯共轭衍生物复合材料的制备及可见光催化性能

聚氯乙烯(PVC)在270℃真空环境中经热处理脱除HCl得到具有共轭结构的PVC衍生物(CDPVC)。纳米TiO_2与CDPVC(质量比为2∶1)经高能球磨复合得到纳米TiO_2/CDPVC复合材料。采用TEM、XRD、XPS、FTIR、SEM和Raman等对纳米TiO_2/CDPVC复合材料进行了分析表征,并采用罗丹明B(RhB)的光催化降解反应和K_2Cr_2O_7的光催化还原反应评价其可见光催化活性及稳定性。结果表明,TiO_2与CDPVC经高能球磨复合后形成了Ti—O—C结构,该结构有利于提高纳米TiO_2/CDPVC复合材料的可见光吸收能力和光生电子/空穴分离效率。与纳米TiO_2和普通研磨的TiO_2-CDPVC相比,纳米TiO_2/CDPVC复合材料具有较高的可见光催化活性和良好的可见光催化稳定性。其可见光催化机制是CDPVC吸收光子产生光生电子-空穴对,并容易将光生电子注入到TiO_2的导带中,CDPVC内光生电子和TiO_2导带上的光生电子(e_(CB)^-)被吸附在材料表面上的氧捕获产生·O_2^-自由基,·O_2^-自由基可以直接降解RhB分子,直至最后降解生成H_2O和CO_2。