人称代词“恁”在沾化方言中表复数义的强化

本文简单论述了第二人称代词“恁”在明清时期山东方言中的使用情况，“恁”既可以表单数义，又可以表复数义。在沾化方言中，“恁”既保留了明清山东方言中的一些用法，又出现了一些新的特点，“恁”表复数义的用法占据了主要地位。

现代汉语名词复数的表达方式与标记

现代汉语中表达名词复数义的方式多种多样,包括语法手段、词汇手段、语用手段等。对这些表现方式进行了系统总结。在此基础上,根据标记理论明确了"们"的名词复数标记功能,区分了复数标记和复数指示。

“您”的复数形式研究概述

“您”是第二人称代词,表尊称或敬称,这在现代汉语语法学界已取得共识.但在它的复数形式问题上却分歧很大,没有得出一个共同的结论.本文拟对这一问题的研究情况作一综合概述,并在此基础上提出自己的看法,以求教于同仁.关于“您”的复数形式问题,众说纷纭,纵观各家之言,概括起来,主要有以下四种观点:

关于北京话中“您“的复数

由于提倡普通话,原北京话中的敬语“您”字逐渐推广开来。然而不少人常想在讲话时向对方表示尊敬和爱戴,就将第二人称复数称为“您们”。如,一位当教师的朋友收到毕业学生的来信,信中写道:“四年大学生活使我学到许多东西,取得不小成绩。

“其他、另外、别的”之管见

现代汉语中有一类作用类似形容词的特殊的指示代词，在语义上或有称代作用或有指别作用或兼有两种作用，在意义和用法上显示了较多的共性和细微的差别。本文选取意义更相近的“其他、另外、别的”并从多方位进行比较分析，指出它们在词类特点、句法成分、组合能力等方面的差别，所表示的数的意义、范围意义的异同点，并探讨由它们形成语言歧义现象的句式条件和语义限制。

Extended Complex tanh-Function Method and Exact Solutions to （2＋1）-Dimensional Hirota Equation

In this paper, a new extended complex tanh-function method is presented for constructing traveling wave, non-traveling wave, and coefficient functions＇ soliton-like solutions of nonlinear equations. This method is more powerful than the complex tanh-function method [Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 20 （2004） 1037]. Abundant new solutions o[ （2q-1）-dimensional Hirota equation are obtained by using this method and symbolic computation system Maple.

Change and Signif icance of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE To compare the differences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies among the tissues of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), para-neoplastic tissue and normal mucous membrane of the esophagus, and to study the relationship between the mtDNA and the occurrence and devel- opment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS The mtDNA copies of 42 specimens with the ESCC, paraneoplastic mucous tissue and normal mucous membrane of the esophagus were determined using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The mtDNA was analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS The mtDNA from all of the tissues (42/42) from the ESCC, para-neoplastic tissue and normal esophageal mucous membranes was analyzed, showing that there were an average mtDNA copy number of 27.1894×106 μg DNA, 9.4102×106 μg DNA and 5.9347×106 μg DNA, from the respective tissues. There were signifi cant differences (F=27.83, P<0.05) in mtDNA copy number among the three. A positive band was shown at 403 bp after gel electrophoresis of the PCR products, and the lane where the ESCC mtDNA located was rather bright, which was in accordance with the result of the real-time PCR determination. CONCLUSION An increase in the mtDNA copy number is related to the occurrence and development of ESCC.

Analysis and evaluation of structural complexity of circular economy system＇s industrial chain

This paper examined the method to evaluate structural complexity of circular economy system＇s industrial chain, which applied entropy information and hierarchical metrics to produce complexity degrees according to the theory of complex system. We developed an evaluation model to make a general metrics for circular economy system of industrial chains. The development of the evaluation tree drew upon five factors to identify the structural complexity. The evaluation model generated unitive entropy information from six data definition （node, level of community, metabolic span, degree of node, number of relation and connectivity of node） according to the evaluation tree. The industrial chains of Tashan circular economy park of Datong Coal Mine Group and Gujiao circular economy park of Xishan Coal-Electricity Group were evaluated by the proposed method. The key factors stunted by the decline of structural complexity were identified and the unitive metrics of entropy information of the industrial chain was shown for realigning the circular economy systems.

汉语人称代词“您”的变异研究

在现代普通话中,代词“您”是第二人称代词“你”的尊称形式。本文考察它与金元时代就有的代词“您”的语义联系以及变异情况。代词“您”早就引起了语言学家们的注意,吕叔湘、高名凯两位先生可以说是代表。高先生认为“你们”合音为“您”就表尊称,如同俄语的和法语的“vous”表单数时一样。吕先生在《释您,俺,咱,喒,附论们字》一文中同高先生的意见是基本一致的,但到《近代汉语指代词》,吕先生则认为金元时代的人称代词“您”

Generalized constructal optimization for the secondary cooling process of slab continuous casting based on entransy theory

Based on constructal theory and entransy theory,a generalized constructal optimization of a solidification heat transfer process of slab continuous casting for a specified total water flow rate in the secondary cooling zone was carried out.A complex function was taken as the optimization objective to perform the casting.The complex function was composed of the functions of the entransy dissipation and surface temperature gradient of the slab.The optimal water distribution at the sections of the secondary cooling zone were obtained.The effects of the total water flow rate in the secondary cooling zone,casting speed,superheat and water distribution on the generalized constructal optimizations of the secondary cooling process were analyzed.The results show that on comparing the optimization results obtained based on the optimal water distributions of the 8 sections in the secondary cooling zone with those based on the initial ones,the complex function and the functions of the entransy dissipation and surface temperature gradient after optimization decreased by 43.25%,5.90%and 80.60%,respectively.The quality and energy storage of the slab had obviously improved in this case.The complex function,composed of the functions of the entransy dissipation and surface temperature gradient of the slab,was a compromise between the internal and surface temperature gradients of the slab.Essentially,it is also the compromise between energy storage and quality of the slab.The"generalized constructal optimization"based on the minimum complex function can provide an optimal alternative scheme from the point of view of improving energy storage and quality for the parameter design and dynamic operation of the solidification heat transfer process of slab continuous casting.

Sharp Distortion Theorems for a Subclass of Biholomorphic Mappings Which Have a Parametric Representation in Several Complex Variables

In this paper, the sharp distortion theorems of the Frechet-derivative type for a subclass of biholomorphic mappings which have a parametric representation on the unit ball of complex Banach spaces are established, and the corresponding results of the above generalized mappings on the unit polydisk in Cn are also given. Meanwhile, the sharp distortion theorems of the Jacobi determinant type for a subclass of biholomorphic mappings which have a parametric representation on the unit ball with an arbitrary norm in C~ are obtained, and the corresponding results of the above generalized mappings on the unit polydisk in C~ are got as well. Thus, some known results in prior literatures are generalized.

Augmentation Quotients for Complex Representation Rings of Generalized Quaternion Groups

Abstract Denote by Qm the generalized quaternion group of order 4m. Let R（Qm） be its complex representation ring, and △（Qm） its augmentation ideal. In this paper, the author gives an explicit Z-basis for the △n（Qm） mid determines the isomorphism class of the n-th augmentation quotient for each positive integer n.