“大禹出于西羌”辨

"大禹出于西羌"等记载,并不能说明蜀地为大禹出生、治水之地。汉族精英的文本建构及羌人对华夏文化的攀附与认同,是"大禹出于西羌"的历史"表征"。羌夏二族悠久的通婚史,秦至三国时期中央政权对属邦、属国少数民族的同化政策及相关律法制度等,则是"大禹出于西羌"的历史本相。

子夏教衍西河地域考论

论述了子夏对孔子的学术承传及其在中华学术史上的地位;辨析了郑玄、郦道元、司马贞、张守节诸家关于西河地域指认的谬误;考证了子夏系卫国人氏,其从孔子游当在夫子第四次访卫时起。子夏退教及归老的西河,在卫国故商墟王畿之内,而非如郑玄所说的在河西“龙门至华阴之地”。

Study on Daily Change in Photo-physiological Properties of Potato

[Objective]This study was to reveal the photo-physiological properties and suitable climate conditions for potato growth,so as to improve potato quality and yield by making use of the climate resources in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,to intensively develop the special agriculture there to enhance the economic benefit of local people.[Method]Using CIRASⅠ-Portable Photosynthesis System,we measured the daily change of photo-physiological indices of potato and further analyzed their relationship with daily weather change,and investigated the impacts of climate factors including atmospheric temperature,humidity,CO2 concentration and light intensity on various physiological indices of potato at key growth stages（flowering stage and stem-swelling stage）.[Results]The results showed that（1） humidity in experimental field assumed a ＂ U＂ type cosine variation curve,while photosynthetically active radiation and atmospheric temperature presented a reverse variation trend;（2） atmospheric CO2 concentration was positively correlated with intercellular CO2 concentration of potato cells,both assumed double ＂ W＂ type curve for daily change;（3） during growth period of potato,in the sunny days with appropriate relative humidity,physiological indices including photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance presented similar change law with environmental factor photosynthetically active radiation,all appearing an ＂ M＂ type curve with double peaks and a typical midday depression;（4） midday depression caused by to higher light intensity always appeared simultaneously with the maximum and minimum of air temperature.[Conclusion]Our results provided scientific basis for the large scale production of potato in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

民族精神:永恒的文学艺术母题

在2004年5月22日《文艺报》《民族精神:永恒的文学艺术母题》一文中说:民族精神神话始终是文学艺术必须面对的一个根本主题,也是人类思想史上一个永恒的文化母题。文艺所体现的民族精神,就其基本属性来讲,是一种融会、流贯在具体创造中的为本民族所熟悉和认同的精神集合或意识形态凝结。

Investigation of Biological Characteristics of Parasitic Fusarium Fungi from Tibetan Cordyceps sinensis

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the biological characteristics of parasitic Fusarium fungi from tibetan Cordyceps sinensis. [Method] A Fusarium strain was isolated from fresh tibetan Cordyceps sinensis as the experimental material, to observe the morphologies of Fusarium mycelium and spores. [Result] The isolated Fusarium fungus strain grew lushly on rice medium, with white and villiform myceliurn, and the villous stroma appeared in colors from beige to pink. After cultivated at （18 ± 4） ℃ for 14 d, the Fusarium strain produced milky white protrusions containing pale yellow chlamydospores, which can be divided into microconidiums and macroconidiums based on the different sizes. According to Ainsworth＇s classification system, the isolated strain belongs to Fusarium, Tuberculariales, Hyphomycetes, adelomycete subphylum. Further observation identified three types of macroconidium, and two of them showed distinct morphology, which was not described in Ainsworth＇s classification system. [Conclusion] The structure of the strain isolated from tibetan Cordyceps sinensis is significantly different from that of Fusariurn fungi recorded in relevant literatures, which requires further investigation.

Characterization, Acid Activation and Bleaching Performance of Bentonite from Xinjiang

Bentonite produced in Xiazijie, Xinjiang (China) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), dif- ferential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The ben- tonite is composed of dioctahedral montmorillonite with predominant quantity, certain amounts of quartz, feldspar and illite and minor amounts of kaolinite, gypsum, etc. The raw bentonite has a CEC of 0.6497 meq·g-1 and allows to be characterized as typical sodium bentonite. In order to bleach cottonseed oil, optimum conditions for sulfuric acid activation of the raw bentonites were investigated, which were obtained by selecting various acid strength, at 96—98℃ and activating for 4h with 1︰2 solid-liquid ratio. The acid activation bentonites were suitable for decol- orization of cottonseed oil through removing carotene and chlorophyll. The bleaching capabilities of different pig- ments with activated bentonite with treatment of 25% sulfuric acid were 70.3%, 73.1%, 83.2%, 81.8% and 88.9%, respectively. Bleaching with acid activated bentonite gave oils lower peroxide values and acid values.

Oogenesis in summer females of the rice water weevil,Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae),in southern Zhejiang,China

The rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, has two generations in southern Zhejiang, China. To determine oogenesis in first-generation females （summer females） and its relations to temperature, females were collected from a rice field in early and mid-July and reared on young rice plants at 28, 31 and 34 ℃ in the laboratory. Percentage of females having oocytes, number of oocytes of different stages （stage-Ⅰ, from early previtellogenesis to middle vitellogenesis; stage-Ⅱ, late vitellogenesis; and matute-oocyte stage）, and length of ovarioles were determined every 10 d of feeding. At each temperature, oogenesis took place in over 40% of females after 20-40 d of feeding, but only 0.0-3.3 stage-Ⅰ, 0.0-0.8 stage-Ⅱ and 0.0-1.1 mature oocytes were observed at each observation date. Temperature had significant effect on number of stage-Ⅰ oocytes but not on number of stage-Ⅱ and mature oocytes in early July females; temperature had no significant effect on number of oocytes of either stage in mid-July females. Conclusively, in southern Zhejiang, summer L. oryzophilus females have great potential to become reproductive on rice, but their oogenesis activity is very low, with the overall procedures little affected by temperature.

Macrobenthic assemblages of the Changjiang River estuary (Yangtze River, China) and adjacent continental shelf relative to mild summer hypoxia

To assess the effects of hypoxia, macrobenthic communities along an estuarine gradient of the Changjiang estuary and adjacent continental shelf were analyzed. This revealed spatial variations in the communities and relationships with environmental variables during periods of reduced dissolved oxygen （DO） concentration in summer. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in macrobenthic community composition among the three zones： estuarine zone （EZ）, mildly hypoxic zone （MHZ） in the continental shelf, and norrnoxic zone （NZ） in the continental shelf（Global R=0.206, P=0.002）. Pairwise tests showed that the macrobenthic community composition of the EZ was significantly different from the MHZ （pairwise test R=0.305, P=0.001） and the NZ （pairwise test R=0.259, P=-0.001）. There was no significant difference in macrobenthic communities between the MHZ and the NZ （pairwise test R=0.062, P=-0.114）. The taxa included small and typically opportunistic polychaetes, which made the greatest contribution to the dissimilarity between the zones. The effects of mild hypoxia on the macrobenthic communities are a result not only of reduced DO concentration but also of differences in environmental variables such as temperature, salinity, and nutrient concentrations caused by stratification.

Real-Time Observation on Water-Soluble Ions of PM_(2.5)in Beijing under the Influences of Different Air Masses in Summer

To further understand the variations of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in Beijing,the authors observed their concentrations continuously and in high temporal resolution by the system for rapid collection of fine particles and ion chromatography(RCFP-IC) during 12–18 July 2010.These results combined with those of earlier backward trajectory research are used analyzed to determine the causes of concentration changes in water-soluble ions under the influences of two kinds of air masses in summer.The results indicate that concentrations of NO3-,SO42-,and NH4+ were influenced strongly by the continental air mass than by the marine air mass.Cl- and Na+ were not changed significantly.Because the sources of K+,Mg2+,and Ca2+ are mainly concentrated on land,their concentration levels were slightly higher under the control of continental air mass than that of the marine air mass.Variations of NO2- during the observation differed from those of other ions;its concentration was significantly higher under the influence of marine air mass.Moreover,the authors obtain the diurnal variations of eight water-soluble inorganic ions including NH4+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+,Cl-,NO2-,NO3-,and SO42-.Diurnal variations of NH4+,NO3-,and Cl- showed single peak,which appeared before noon,while SO42- showed two peaks that appeared during rush hours.Those of Mg2+,Ca2+,and K+ showed single peak that appeared in the afternoon.That of NO2- showed with a peak appearing at sunrise and a valley appearing at sunset.

Isolation of Cordyceps ophioglossoides L2 from Fruit Body and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Its Mycelial Growth

A strain isolated from the fruiting body of a fungus parasitized on Elaphomyces was identified as Cordyceps ophioglossoides based on the morphological characteristics and the analysis of ITS-5.8s rDNA sequence. The optimal medium, composition （g·L^-1）, containing sucrose 66.0, yeast powder 10.0, silkworm chrysalises digest 30.0, MgSO4· 7H2O 0.4, and KH2PO4 0.4, Was found using fractional factorial design ancl a central composite design, and the optimization of cultural conditions obtained a result of seed age 6 days, inoculum size 6% （by volume）, initial pH 5.6, temperature 24℃, shaking speed 160 ·＇min^-1 by one-factor-at-a-time method. The maximum biomass reached about 20.2 g·L^-1 after 90 hours culture under the optimal conditions. Elementary nharmaeclogical actlwtties showed that mycelia of C. ophioglossoides L2 from submerged culture promoted Uterus growth in estrogen- depleted mice. In the 15-litre scale-up fermentation, the mycelial biomass was around 19.1 g·L^-1, indicating a promising prospect for this biotechnoloagy and the potency to develoo its medical value.

TCM DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT OF ANGINA PECTORIS——An Illustrative Case Report

Case History Mr. Liu, aged 67 years, was hospitalizedon May 28, 1996, with the complaint ofparoxysmal chest distress, accompanied byback pain for five months. Case number:56829. Five months before, the patient had asudden attack of chest distress induced by

Tempo-spatial Variation of Nutrient and Chlorophyll-a Concentrations From Summer to Winter in the Zhangzi Island Area (Northern Yellow Sea)

Nutrient and Chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） concentrations were investigated monthly along three transects extending from a mariculturc area to open waters around the Zhangzi Island area from July to December 2009. The objective of this study is to illus- trate food availability to the bottom-sowed scallop Patinopecten yessoensis under the influences of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （YSCWM）, freshwater input and feedbacks of cultivated scallops. Significant thermal stratification was present in open waters from July to October, and salinity decreased in July and August in surface layers in the mariculture area. Nutrient concentrations increased with depth in both areas in summer, but were similar through water column in November and December. On average, nutrient in- creased from summer to autumn in all components except ammonia. Nutrient concentrations lower than the minimum thresholds for phytoplankton growth were present only in upper layers in summer, but stoichiometric nitrogen limitation existed in the entire inves- tigation period. Column-averaged Chl-a concentration was lower in open waters than in mariculture area in all months. It increased significantly in mariculturc area in August and October, and was less variable in open waters. Our results show that nutrients limita- tion to phytoplankton growth is present mainly in upper layer in association with stratification caused by YSCWM in summer. Freshwater input and upwelling of nutrients accumulated in YSCWM can stimulate phytoplankton production in mariculture area. Farming activities may change stoichiometric nutrient ratios but have less influence on Chl-a concentration.

Two new species of Sellaphora(Bacillariophyta) from a deep oligotrophic plateau lake,Lake Fuxian in subtropical China

We describe two new species of Sellaphora from Lake Fuxian, Ytmnan Plateau, China. Based on both light and scanning electron microscopy, these species are described as S. yunnanensis sp. nov. and S. sinensis sp. nov. The primary features of S. yunnanens＆ are： elliptical to linear-elliptical valves with broadly rounded ends, straight filiform raphe, almost straight central endings and small, slightly expanding central pores, small central area, symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical central nodule. The primary features of S. sinensis are： elliptical valves, obtusely rounded ends, similar raphe and axial area, transapically less expanded central area, larger, elliptical central nodule. We compare these species to those of a similar shape and morphology.

Isolation and Identification of Main Fungal Pathogens in Muskmelon in Open Field of Hubei Province in Summer

Fungal diseases often occur seriously in muskmelon in open field of Hubei Province in summer, especially in continuous cropping pattern, resulting in great economic losses. In this study, the pathogens of main fungal diseases in muskmelon in open field of Hubei Province were isolated, and they were identified by morphological and molecular techniques. The results showed that muskmelon fusarium wilt is a major disease in muskmelon in open field of Hubei Province in summer, and its pathogen was confirmed to be Fusarium oxysporum. In future studies, one pair of specific primers would be designed to detect different pathogenic races of Fusarium oxysporum so as to accelerate the detection and to shorten the detection time,thereby proving guidance for actual production.

The Connection between the Sea Surface Height Anomaly Preceding the Indian Ocean Dipole and Summer Rainfall in China

The sea surface height anomaly(SSHA) signals leading the fall Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) are investigated. The results suggest that, prior to the IOD by one year, a positive SSHA emerges over the western-central tropical Pacific(WCTP), which peaks during winter(January-February-March, JFM), persists into late spring and early summer(April-May-June, AMJ), and becomes weakened later on. An SSHA index, referred as to SSHA_WCTP, is defined as the averaged SSHA over the WCTP during JFM. The index is not only significantly positively correlated with the following-fall(September-October-November, SON) IOD index, but also is higher than the autocorrelation of the IOD index crossing the two different seasons. The connection of SSHA_ WCTP with following-summer rainfall in China is then explored. The results suggest that higher(lower) SSHA_ WCTP corresponds to increased(reduced) rainfall over southern coastal China, along with suppressed(increased) rainfall over the middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River, North China, and the Xinjiang region of northwestern China. Mechanistically, following the preceding-winter higher(lower) SSHA_WCTP, the South Asia High and the Western Pacific Subtropical High are weakened(intensified), which results in the East Asian summer monsoon weakening(intensifying). Finally, the connection between SSHA_WCTP and El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) is analyzed. Despite a significant correlation, SSHA_WCTP is more closely connected with summer rainfall. This implies that the SSHA_WCTP index in the preceding winter is a more effective predictor of summer rainfall in comparison with ENSO.

《金匮要略》分期辨治“心病”

《金匮要略》乃"医方之祖,而治杂病之宗也",既有"心病"专篇论述,且有散见他篇的分期辨治。早期-心气不足,胸闷短气,气伤是主要表现,胸闷短气为并发症,治以参麦饮。中期-心阳不足,温煦功能减退,胸闷短气,心中空虚惕惕而动,脉结代等,治以小建中汤、桂枝甘草汤、炙甘草汤、桂枝去芍药加蜀漆牡蛎龙骨救逆汤。后期-痰瘀内阻,胸痹心痛,胸阳不振,阴寒内生,殃及心脉瘀滞不通而出现胸痹心痛,治以瓜蒌薤白白酒汤、栝蒌薤白半夏汤、薏苡附子散、乌头赤石脂丸。冠心病可归属为"胸痹""真心痛""心悸"等范畴,辨证可根据心气、心阳损伤程度早诊断,及时发现,分期诊治,截断病势。研究整理张仲景心病分期论治思路,对防治心病有重要指导意义。

天南星科有毒中药及炮制品的药效比较研究

目的:比较天南星科常用有毒中药(半夏、天南星、白附子)及其炮制品的主要药效。方法:采用小鼠氨水致咳实验和气管酚红排泌实验观察各药的镇咳祛痰作用,采用小鼠热板法和醋酸扭体实验观察各药的镇痛作用,采用小鼠自主活动实验和小鼠药物惊厥实验比较镇静抗惊厥作用。结果:与空白组比较,半夏、天南星、白附子(剂量均为4g/kg)均能显著减少小鼠的咳嗽次数,半夏及天南星能不同程度延长小鼠咳嗽潜伏期,半夏、天南星及制天南星能增加小鼠气管酚红排泌量,各药以姜半夏镇咳祛痰作用更为显著;半夏、天南星、白附子对热刺激引起的小鼠痛阈值没有明显影响,但三药及炮制品均能显著减少由醋酸引起的小鼠扭体反应次数;半夏、天南星、白附子都能明显减少小鼠自发活动次数,天南星、白附子能延长3%尼可刹米诱发小鼠惊厥的发作潜伏期,其中生天南星还能延长惊厥小鼠的死亡时间。结论:天南星科半夏、天南星、白附子3味中药化痰止咳、镇静抗惊厥作用各有侧重,炮制对各药材的影响因作用而有别。

Sharp Inequalities for BMO Functions

The purpose of the paper is to study sharp weak-type bounds for functions of bounded mean oscillation. Let 0 〈 p 〈 ∞ be a fixed number and let I be an interval contained in R. The author shows that for any φ ： I → R and any subset E I of positive measure, ｜I｜^-1/p/｜E｜1-1/p∫E｜φ -1/｜I｜∫Iφdy｜dx≤｜｜φ｜｜BMO（I）,0〈p≤2,｜I｜^-1/p/｜E｜1-1/p∫E｜φ -1/｜I｜∫Iφdy｜dx≤p/2^2/pe2/p-1｜｜φ｜｜BMO（I）p≥2. For each p, the constant on the right-hand side is the best possible. The proof rests on the explicit evaluation of the associated Bellman function. The result is a complement of the earlier works of Slavin, Vasyunin and Volberg concerning weak-type, L ^p and exponential bounds for the BMO class.

四君子合藿朴夏苓汤加减辅助益生菌与多潘立酮治疗功能性消化不良患者的疗效

目的探讨四君子合藿朴夏苓汤加减辅助益生菌、多潘立酮治疗功能性消化不良(FD)患者的临床效果。方法选取2018年8月至2019年8月饶平县中医医院收治的FD患者106例作为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组,各53例,对照组采用益生菌、多潘立酮治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上加用四君子合藿朴夏苓汤治疗。比较两组临床疗效、治疗前后胃肠激素[血管活性肠肽(VIP)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)]变化、胃排空情况。结果观察组治疗有效率94.34%高于对照组79.25%(P<0.05);治疗4周后观察组血清VIP水平高于对照组,血清5-HT水平低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗4周后观察组胃排空优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论四君子合藿朴夏苓汤加减辅助益生菌、多潘立酮治疗FD临床疗效显著,可有效改善患者胃肠功能,促进胃排空。