For a clear understanding of how to foster necessary attributes of partnerships that promote a closer relationship for achieving outsourcing success,this paper tries to explore the role of interaction.Based on empiric...For a clear understanding of how to foster necessary attributes of partnerships that promote a closer relationship for achieving outsourcing success,this paper tries to explore the role of interaction.Based on empirical data from a logistics and procurement flat system outsourcing case and earlier research,the industrial network approach and the international marketing and purchasing interaction model are used to analyze the nature of interaction in a three-phased outsourcing life cycle,particularly,characteristics and activities of the transition phase are identified.The findings reveal that developing a relationship between partners requires an industrial network perspective.Improving the key aspects of interaction,information and knowledge sharing,communication and collaborative participation,involved in the important events of three phases would contribute to enhance the relationships performance.The key aspects of interaction should take place among the network actors and not just between buyers and vendors.展开更多
AIM： To investigate whether the stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMNC） with the cell debris and cell extraction of different probiotic strains is similar or species specific. METHODS： Three stra...AIM： To investigate whether the stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMNC） with the cell debris and cell extraction of different probiotic strains is similar or species specific. METHODS： Three strains of bifidobacteria, 4 strains of lactobacilli, and E. coli nissle were sonicated and centrifuged in order to divide them into cell extract and cell debris. PBMNC were separated by density gradient and incubated for 36 h with either the cell debris or the cell extract of single strains of probiotic bacteria in doses from 10^2 to 10^8 CFU/mL. Cell supernatants were taken and interleukin （IL）-10, IL-1β, and tumor necosis factor （TNF）-α were determined by ELISA. RESULTS： Depending on the species super-family, the strains had different stimulation patterns. Except for both L. casei strains, the cell extract of bitTdobacteria and/actobacilli had less stimulating capacity than cell debris, whereas the cell extract of E. coli nissle had similar stimulating properties to that of the cell debris of the strain and significantly more stimulating capacity than that of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. The cell debris of bifidobacteria stimulated more cytokine release than the cell debris of lactobacilli. The cell debris of lactobacilli did not have a stimulating capacity when lower concentrations were used. Neither cell extraction nor cell debris had an inhibitory effect on the production of the tested cytokines by stimulated PBMNC. CONCLUSION： The incubation of probiotic strains, which have been used in clinical trials for inflammatory diseases, with immunocompetent cells leads to different species specific reactions. High IL-10 response to cell debris of bifidobacteria and E. coli nissle can be found. This corresponds to positive effects of bihdobacteria and E. coli nissle in clinical trials for inflammatory bowel disease compared to negative outcomes obtained with lactobacilli.展开更多
The hypothesis that bacteria and protozoa microorganisms are able to travel from one planet to another and become of exolife was not taken seriously by the scientific community for a long time. However at the end of t...The hypothesis that bacteria and protozoa microorganisms are able to travel from one planet to another and become of exolife was not taken seriously by the scientific community for a long time. However at the end of the 20th century the situation changed dramatically. Firstly, in 1990, meteorites consisting of Martian rocks were found. Secondly, it became clear that many microorganisms especially bacteria spores have an uncanny ability to endure the rugged environment of the outer space for a long time and then re-activate in a more favorable environment. If we compare these findings, the idea of interplanetary transmigration of the simplest forms of life on meteoroids ceases to look so illusory. The final dot in this issue was made by the works of academician Rozanov, and later Hoover （Professor Richard B. Hoover） through the discovery of fossilized microbes inside of a meteorite massif, that is to say, seeds of life. However, to tie only the simplest forms of life to meteorites or comets is to introduce strong constraints on the likelihood of delivery of seeds （spores of life） to Earth for many obvious reasons. Besides, exobiology does not negate the problem of origin of life, and transfers it into the era of the young universe. Therefore, it is necessary to consider in detail the essence of seeds of life or cosmic particles of dust and gas-dust streams as their carriers, their penetration path to Earth and forms of their existence.展开更多
The topic investigated competition in marketing as a survival yardstick for small and medium enterprises （SMEs） in Nigeria. The objectives addressed by this study were： （1） identifying different types and intensi...The topic investigated competition in marketing as a survival yardstick for small and medium enterprises （SMEs） in Nigeria. The objectives addressed by this study were： （1） identifying different types and intensity of competition that SMEs are exposed to along the life-cycle portfolio in Nigeria; （2） quantifying the strength of SMEs vis-a-vis some foreign enterprises in terms of market competition; and （3） proffering solutions on how best they could match competitively these foreign enterprises. Relevant models and theories were employed in literature to evolve detailed analysis of issues relating to the variables used in terms of competition in marketing and survival of juice-producing SMEs. Two hypotheses were investigated through the survey of 20 prominent Ikeja based SMEs using Cluster sampling, 5-points Likert summated rating scale was adopted, while Yard＇s formula with 95% confidence level and 5% error tolerance was used. Alternative form validity of the instrument was measured at 0.63 while its reliability was measured at Cronbach＇s alpha of 0.70. Pearson＇s product-moment correlation was used in testing hypothesis 1 while standard multiple regressions were used to test hypothesis 2. Findings revealed that there was strong relationship between survival of juice-producing SMEs with forms of competition on a firm＇s life-cycle; while competition had positive effects on survival components for the enterprises. It was concluded that since competition subsists in any firm＇s life-cycle, strategies to support operations for survival must be adopted. It was recommended that operators of SMEs have to monitor and manage competition as it affects their businesses positively and/or negatively.展开更多
An analysis applied to an existing building considering the whole service life, regulated or, if any, measured, of energy/technological upgrading action does not only require initial investments to be taken into accou...An analysis applied to an existing building considering the whole service life, regulated or, if any, measured, of energy/technological upgrading action does not only require initial investments to be taken into account. Of course, such investments are significant and will have to be considered at a first stage, but it is not the only aspect to be considered. Provisions of Construction Procurement Guidance, No.7 Whole Life Costs state： ＂All procurement must be made solely on the basis of value for money in terms of the optimum combination of global costs--and not only initial investment costs--and quality to meet the user＇s requirements＂.展开更多
Up to now there have been over 5 million organic compounds known to the world. The study of the orbital energies of their molecules and their rules of change have become very important.
文摘For a clear understanding of how to foster necessary attributes of partnerships that promote a closer relationship for achieving outsourcing success,this paper tries to explore the role of interaction.Based on empirical data from a logistics and procurement flat system outsourcing case and earlier research,the industrial network approach and the international marketing and purchasing interaction model are used to analyze the nature of interaction in a three-phased outsourcing life cycle,particularly,characteristics and activities of the transition phase are identified.The findings reveal that developing a relationship between partners requires an industrial network perspective.Improving the key aspects of interaction,information and knowledge sharing,communication and collaborative participation,involved in the important events of three phases would contribute to enhance the relationships performance.The key aspects of interaction should take place among the network actors and not just between buyers and vendors.
基金Supported by a grant from "Trainig and Mobility of Researchers" program, RX-CT98-0240
文摘AIM： To investigate whether the stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMNC） with the cell debris and cell extraction of different probiotic strains is similar or species specific. METHODS： Three strains of bifidobacteria, 4 strains of lactobacilli, and E. coli nissle were sonicated and centrifuged in order to divide them into cell extract and cell debris. PBMNC were separated by density gradient and incubated for 36 h with either the cell debris or the cell extract of single strains of probiotic bacteria in doses from 10^2 to 10^8 CFU/mL. Cell supernatants were taken and interleukin （IL）-10, IL-1β, and tumor necosis factor （TNF）-α were determined by ELISA. RESULTS： Depending on the species super-family, the strains had different stimulation patterns. Except for both L. casei strains, the cell extract of bitTdobacteria and/actobacilli had less stimulating capacity than cell debris, whereas the cell extract of E. coli nissle had similar stimulating properties to that of the cell debris of the strain and significantly more stimulating capacity than that of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. The cell debris of bifidobacteria stimulated more cytokine release than the cell debris of lactobacilli. The cell debris of lactobacilli did not have a stimulating capacity when lower concentrations were used. Neither cell extraction nor cell debris had an inhibitory effect on the production of the tested cytokines by stimulated PBMNC. CONCLUSION： The incubation of probiotic strains, which have been used in clinical trials for inflammatory diseases, with immunocompetent cells leads to different species specific reactions. High IL-10 response to cell debris of bifidobacteria and E. coli nissle can be found. This corresponds to positive effects of bihdobacteria and E. coli nissle in clinical trials for inflammatory bowel disease compared to negative outcomes obtained with lactobacilli.
文摘The hypothesis that bacteria and protozoa microorganisms are able to travel from one planet to another and become of exolife was not taken seriously by the scientific community for a long time. However at the end of the 20th century the situation changed dramatically. Firstly, in 1990, meteorites consisting of Martian rocks were found. Secondly, it became clear that many microorganisms especially bacteria spores have an uncanny ability to endure the rugged environment of the outer space for a long time and then re-activate in a more favorable environment. If we compare these findings, the idea of interplanetary transmigration of the simplest forms of life on meteoroids ceases to look so illusory. The final dot in this issue was made by the works of academician Rozanov, and later Hoover （Professor Richard B. Hoover） through the discovery of fossilized microbes inside of a meteorite massif, that is to say, seeds of life. However, to tie only the simplest forms of life to meteorites or comets is to introduce strong constraints on the likelihood of delivery of seeds （spores of life） to Earth for many obvious reasons. Besides, exobiology does not negate the problem of origin of life, and transfers it into the era of the young universe. Therefore, it is necessary to consider in detail the essence of seeds of life or cosmic particles of dust and gas-dust streams as their carriers, their penetration path to Earth and forms of their existence.
文摘The topic investigated competition in marketing as a survival yardstick for small and medium enterprises （SMEs） in Nigeria. The objectives addressed by this study were： （1） identifying different types and intensity of competition that SMEs are exposed to along the life-cycle portfolio in Nigeria; （2） quantifying the strength of SMEs vis-a-vis some foreign enterprises in terms of market competition; and （3） proffering solutions on how best they could match competitively these foreign enterprises. Relevant models and theories were employed in literature to evolve detailed analysis of issues relating to the variables used in terms of competition in marketing and survival of juice-producing SMEs. Two hypotheses were investigated through the survey of 20 prominent Ikeja based SMEs using Cluster sampling, 5-points Likert summated rating scale was adopted, while Yard＇s formula with 95% confidence level and 5% error tolerance was used. Alternative form validity of the instrument was measured at 0.63 while its reliability was measured at Cronbach＇s alpha of 0.70. Pearson＇s product-moment correlation was used in testing hypothesis 1 while standard multiple regressions were used to test hypothesis 2. Findings revealed that there was strong relationship between survival of juice-producing SMEs with forms of competition on a firm＇s life-cycle; while competition had positive effects on survival components for the enterprises. It was concluded that since competition subsists in any firm＇s life-cycle, strategies to support operations for survival must be adopted. It was recommended that operators of SMEs have to monitor and manage competition as it affects their businesses positively and/or negatively.
文摘An analysis applied to an existing building considering the whole service life, regulated or, if any, measured, of energy/technological upgrading action does not only require initial investments to be taken into account. Of course, such investments are significant and will have to be considered at a first stage, but it is not the only aspect to be considered. Provisions of Construction Procurement Guidance, No.7 Whole Life Costs state： ＂All procurement must be made solely on the basis of value for money in terms of the optimum combination of global costs--and not only initial investment costs--and quality to meet the user＇s requirements＂.
文摘Up to now there have been over 5 million organic compounds known to the world. The study of the orbital energies of their molecules and their rules of change have become very important.
