As a political leader, US President Trump's personality traits affect his policy orientations and current US foreign policy. The authors analyze Trump's personality in several categories—uninhibited and capri...As a political leader, US President Trump's personality traits affect his policy orientations and current US foreign policy. The authors analyze Trump's personality in several categories—uninhibited and capricious, dynamic and capable, profit-orientated and self-centered,competitive and persistent, positive and extraverted. The traits of breaking traditions, skill at strategic deception and negotiation, action-motivated implementation, intuitive decision-making, pursuit of respect and interest exchange, and vengefulness will shape his policy and behavioral orientations. Initial study shows Trump to be a political leader with positive personality traits and double-sided dimensions. The analysis offers insight toward understanding the new US executive and his policy direction.展开更多
After Donald Trump was elected US president,his controversial foreign policy disrupted the world situation,bringing about a series of disagreements and disputes with Germany and with Europe as a whole.As the two major...After Donald Trump was elected US president,his controversial foreign policy disrupted the world situation,bringing about a series of disagreements and disputes with Germany and with Europe as a whole.As the two major powers in the West,Germany and the United States,in a state of dispute,will have multiple effects.These disputes undoubtedly show that the German-US relations are undergoing a major adjustment and reorientation.We must also realize that disputes between Germany and the United States have alienated relations between the two countries.However,the foundation on the overall Western values between the two countries has not changed.They still have a great deal of common ground on politics,economy and security.Therefore,these disagreements and disputes will not lead to the collapse of German-US relations.Cooperation vs.controversy,control vs.independence,further equalization and alienation of the two countries will characterize future developments in German-US relations.展开更多
This article explains the challenges and evolution of climate change governance by linking governance and diplomacy. The challenges of climate change involve not only international competition for new energy but also ...This article explains the challenges and evolution of climate change governance by linking governance and diplomacy. The challenges of climate change involve not only international competition for new energy but also related adjustments of global governance in this area. To be specific, the carbon emission reductions are still problematic, and negotiations surrounding financing mechanisms between developed and developing countries hang in doubt. Furthermore, the attitude of the two sides toward CBDRs(common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities) and INDCs(intended nationally determined contributions) is disparate. Finally, this article outlines some diplomatic policies for China's future developmental trend.展开更多
One of the most distinctive features of China's recent foreign policy strategy is partnership diplomacy. It represents China's new approach to gaining influence over the global landscape. It is aimed at avoidi...One of the most distinctive features of China's recent foreign policy strategy is partnership diplomacy. It represents China's new approach to gaining influence over the global landscape. It is aimed at avoiding rivalry and conflict and reforming international relations to a more stable and friendly state. It also indicates China's intention to adopt a much more flexible and practical foreign policy. China will build a network of partnerships across the globe, forging a new kind of diplomacy with Chinese characteristics.展开更多
Western society has historically perceived Arab attitudes toward gender roles in a stereotypically negative light. This perception has had great influence on international public opinion toward Arab treatment of women...Western society has historically perceived Arab attitudes toward gender roles in a stereotypically negative light. This perception has had great influence on international public opinion toward Arab treatment of women, Western foreign policy toward the Arab world and development aid programs in the Middle East. This paper seeks to question the legitimacy of this perception by advancing the hypothesis that Arab attitudes toward gender roles are heterogeneous rather than homogeneous. To do so, it uses cross-cultural analysis in examining survey data regarding women＇s status in the Arab world, the significance of which contributes to a more accurate and well-rounded understanding of Arab attitudes toward gender roles. Results confirm the hypothesis that Arab attitudes toward gender roles are heterogeneous rather than homogeneous. Indeed, contrary to the Western stereotype regarding Arab attitudes toward gender roles and Arab treatment of women, cross-cultural analysis of the statistical information provided showed that Arab societies differ from one another in their attitudes toward gender roles and that Arab states differ from one another in their governmental approaches to gender equality in terms of personal status laws, gender-based discrimination in the workplace, and overall policies aimed at the advancement of women.展开更多
China, Russia and India, three Eurasian BRICS countries, are close neighbors, geographically located in the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Indian Ocean respectively. The research questions why these three cou...China, Russia and India, three Eurasian BRICS countries, are close neighbors, geographically located in the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Indian Ocean respectively. The research questions why these three countries have some similar characteristics in their diplomacies and foreign policies, which differentiates them both from traditional developed countries and typical developing countries. Before the assessment of this question, analysis of culture and its characteristics, international strategies and diplomacies of these three BRICS countries is necessary and appropriate. Culture plays a special and crucial role in international politics or international relations. The unique cultures of Eurasian BRICS countries, China, Russia and India, have special influences on their diplomacies, which has created a new landscape in current world economy and politics.展开更多
The article presents the situation in foreign trade among Slovakia and the country V4 （Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovak Republic） after the changeover in 2009. At a time of economic crisis, Slovakia acced...The article presents the situation in foreign trade among Slovakia and the country V4 （Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovak Republic） after the changeover in 2009. At a time of economic crisis, Slovakia acceded to the adoption of a common currency--the euro. Prior to the adoption of the euro, apprehensions were raised due to currency decreased export from Slovakia to countries V4. In this article, author analyses the mutual foreign trade of Slovakia with countries of V4 for all commodities in standard international trade classification （SITC） codes. The analysis covers the time before the adoption of the euro from 2004 to 2008 and after the adoption of the euro in the years from 2009 to 2013. It compares the percentage change over the previous year, the balance of foreign trade, and foreign trade turnover. The same analysis is also done for the period prior to the adoption of the euro as a whole and after the adoption of the euro. In the calculations, data from UN Comtrade Database were used, which are indicated in USD. The results indicate that in the transition to the common currency, the euro did not mean for Slovakia worsening trade with V4 countries. Economies of these countries have long been linked and even the possibility of its own monetary policy does not endanger Slovakia＇s export to these countries.展开更多
This study makes a comparison between China and foreign countries about the ＂supportive shipping policies＂ in the period of late Qing Dynasty, from 1840 to 1911. After the first opium war, China was forced to open t...This study makes a comparison between China and foreign countries about the ＂supportive shipping policies＂ in the period of late Qing Dynasty, from 1840 to 1911. After the first opium war, China was forced to open the gate of the old oriental country to the world. As more treaty ports opened, the import and export of goods increased the growing trade that brought about the increased demands of shipping transportation. In the same period, British, France, America, Germany and Japan governing bodies instated various kinds of laws, regulations and other policies encouraging their national shipping companies to grab shipping market share. As a result, foreign steamship companies monopolized Chinese shipping market quickly. Faced with this situation, in 1872, the China Merchants＇ Steam Navigation Company was the fisst steamship company of China to be formed. It was a government-supervised and merchant-managed company, and the Qing Dynasty government took a series of measures to support it under the fierce competition, these measures were different from foreign countries＇.展开更多
In the last few years, ＂the BRICS＂ or Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa have been increasingly investing in developing their cooperation and seeking to exert joint global influence. BRICS＇ mobilization...In the last few years, ＂the BRICS＂ or Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa have been increasingly investing in developing their cooperation and seeking to exert joint global influence. BRICS＇ mobilization has been visible in the cooperation of high-level officials, deeper policy coordination, and the creation of BRICS institutions. As the BRICS intensify their pursuit of multipolarity, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the ways in which the BRICS has been received in the United States （US）, which is a crucial stakeholder in creating a multipolar system. How is the BRICS represented in US foreign policy circles？ This article examines the state of the US debate on the BR/CS, drawing on the per- spectives from foreign policy officials, top think tanks, and academics. It argues that there is a considerable gap between BRICS＇ multipolar aspirations and the perceptions of the grouping＇s promise and potential in the US. The BRICS is often marginalized in the US as an entity, and---even if accepted as such--it is considered ineffective in terms of its results. However, the BRICS benefits US foreign policy development： it challenges US officials to clarify their message on multipolarity; it reframes the debate from bilateral China vs. US competition to multilateral processes of providing global public goods; it generates a subfield of BRICS studies, which internationalize the production and consumption of knowledge in the field of global politics.展开更多
The English language is seen by the Chinese as a tool of significant pragmatic value, both by the individual and the state. Discourse on English language education within China has, both historically and at present, p...The English language is seen by the Chinese as a tool of significant pragmatic value, both by the individual and the state. Discourse on English language education within China has, both historically and at present, pitted the pragmatic value of English against concerns of cultural and linguistic erosion and imposition. Concerns over the corrupting impact the English language may have on the Chinese language, and further on Chinese culture, uneasily coexist with an acceptance of the English language＇s role as the key to modernization and economic development. Voices of past and present, have at their core a desire for the protection of a reified cultural identity or essence. However, cultural and linguistic influence has not merely been imposed upon China from external forces, but has been actively drawn in by domestic forces. Such domestic forces range from foreign language education policies that meet the demands of a globalized market-driven economy, to a market demand for English language media such as TV programs, movies and literature. Ultimately, the presence and significance of these domestic forces undermines a view of the English language as a vehicle of cultural imperialism in China.展开更多
Cbina＇s rapid economic growth has benefited from the country＇s wellplaced position in the global production chain. But China encounters an acute security, dilemma externally and internally because it is integrating ...Cbina＇s rapid economic growth has benefited from the country＇s wellplaced position in the global production chain. But China encounters an acute security, dilemma externally and internally because it is integrating into a world system in which market democracies dominate and view China＇s rise with suspicion. Globalization changes, complicates, and benefits Chinese foreign policy. A growing China is also increasingly affecting globalization in its own image. Globalization has caused a backlash, particularly in developed countries, partly because of the China factor, and China＇s own commitment to globalization is being tested as economic problems mount in the current financial crisis.展开更多
文摘As a political leader, US President Trump's personality traits affect his policy orientations and current US foreign policy. The authors analyze Trump's personality in several categories—uninhibited and capricious, dynamic and capable, profit-orientated and self-centered,competitive and persistent, positive and extraverted. The traits of breaking traditions, skill at strategic deception and negotiation, action-motivated implementation, intuitive decision-making, pursuit of respect and interest exchange, and vengefulness will shape his policy and behavioral orientations. Initial study shows Trump to be a political leader with positive personality traits and double-sided dimensions. The analysis offers insight toward understanding the new US executive and his policy direction.
文摘After Donald Trump was elected US president,his controversial foreign policy disrupted the world situation,bringing about a series of disagreements and disputes with Germany and with Europe as a whole.As the two major powers in the West,Germany and the United States,in a state of dispute,will have multiple effects.These disputes undoubtedly show that the German-US relations are undergoing a major adjustment and reorientation.We must also realize that disputes between Germany and the United States have alienated relations between the two countries.However,the foundation on the overall Western values between the two countries has not changed.They still have a great deal of common ground on politics,economy and security.Therefore,these disagreements and disputes will not lead to the collapse of German-US relations.Cooperation vs.controversy,control vs.independence,further equalization and alienation of the two countries will characterize future developments in German-US relations.
基金supported by the project of research on key technologies for synthesis problems during climate negotiations under 12FYP organized by Ministry of Science and technology(2012BAC20B02)
文摘This article explains the challenges and evolution of climate change governance by linking governance and diplomacy. The challenges of climate change involve not only international competition for new energy but also related adjustments of global governance in this area. To be specific, the carbon emission reductions are still problematic, and negotiations surrounding financing mechanisms between developed and developing countries hang in doubt. Furthermore, the attitude of the two sides toward CBDRs(common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities) and INDCs(intended nationally determined contributions) is disparate. Finally, this article outlines some diplomatic policies for China's future developmental trend.
文摘One of the most distinctive features of China's recent foreign policy strategy is partnership diplomacy. It represents China's new approach to gaining influence over the global landscape. It is aimed at avoiding rivalry and conflict and reforming international relations to a more stable and friendly state. It also indicates China's intention to adopt a much more flexible and practical foreign policy. China will build a network of partnerships across the globe, forging a new kind of diplomacy with Chinese characteristics.
文摘Western society has historically perceived Arab attitudes toward gender roles in a stereotypically negative light. This perception has had great influence on international public opinion toward Arab treatment of women, Western foreign policy toward the Arab world and development aid programs in the Middle East. This paper seeks to question the legitimacy of this perception by advancing the hypothesis that Arab attitudes toward gender roles are heterogeneous rather than homogeneous. To do so, it uses cross-cultural analysis in examining survey data regarding women＇s status in the Arab world, the significance of which contributes to a more accurate and well-rounded understanding of Arab attitudes toward gender roles. Results confirm the hypothesis that Arab attitudes toward gender roles are heterogeneous rather than homogeneous. Indeed, contrary to the Western stereotype regarding Arab attitudes toward gender roles and Arab treatment of women, cross-cultural analysis of the statistical information provided showed that Arab societies differ from one another in their attitudes toward gender roles and that Arab states differ from one another in their governmental approaches to gender equality in terms of personal status laws, gender-based discrimination in the workplace, and overall policies aimed at the advancement of women.
文摘China, Russia and India, three Eurasian BRICS countries, are close neighbors, geographically located in the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Indian Ocean respectively. The research questions why these three countries have some similar characteristics in their diplomacies and foreign policies, which differentiates them both from traditional developed countries and typical developing countries. Before the assessment of this question, analysis of culture and its characteristics, international strategies and diplomacies of these three BRICS countries is necessary and appropriate. Culture plays a special and crucial role in international politics or international relations. The unique cultures of Eurasian BRICS countries, China, Russia and India, have special influences on their diplomacies, which has created a new landscape in current world economy and politics.
文摘The article presents the situation in foreign trade among Slovakia and the country V4 （Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovak Republic） after the changeover in 2009. At a time of economic crisis, Slovakia acceded to the adoption of a common currency--the euro. Prior to the adoption of the euro, apprehensions were raised due to currency decreased export from Slovakia to countries V4. In this article, author analyses the mutual foreign trade of Slovakia with countries of V4 for all commodities in standard international trade classification （SITC） codes. The analysis covers the time before the adoption of the euro from 2004 to 2008 and after the adoption of the euro in the years from 2009 to 2013. It compares the percentage change over the previous year, the balance of foreign trade, and foreign trade turnover. The same analysis is also done for the period prior to the adoption of the euro as a whole and after the adoption of the euro. In the calculations, data from UN Comtrade Database were used, which are indicated in USD. The results indicate that in the transition to the common currency, the euro did not mean for Slovakia worsening trade with V4 countries. Economies of these countries have long been linked and even the possibility of its own monetary policy does not endanger Slovakia＇s export to these countries.
文摘This study makes a comparison between China and foreign countries about the ＂supportive shipping policies＂ in the period of late Qing Dynasty, from 1840 to 1911. After the first opium war, China was forced to open the gate of the old oriental country to the world. As more treaty ports opened, the import and export of goods increased the growing trade that brought about the increased demands of shipping transportation. In the same period, British, France, America, Germany and Japan governing bodies instated various kinds of laws, regulations and other policies encouraging their national shipping companies to grab shipping market share. As a result, foreign steamship companies monopolized Chinese shipping market quickly. Faced with this situation, in 1872, the China Merchants＇ Steam Navigation Company was the fisst steamship company of China to be formed. It was a government-supervised and merchant-managed company, and the Qing Dynasty government took a series of measures to support it under the fierce competition, these measures were different from foreign countries＇.
文摘In the last few years, ＂the BRICS＂ or Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa have been increasingly investing in developing their cooperation and seeking to exert joint global influence. BRICS＇ mobilization has been visible in the cooperation of high-level officials, deeper policy coordination, and the creation of BRICS institutions. As the BRICS intensify their pursuit of multipolarity, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the ways in which the BRICS has been received in the United States （US）, which is a crucial stakeholder in creating a multipolar system. How is the BRICS represented in US foreign policy circles？ This article examines the state of the US debate on the BR/CS, drawing on the per- spectives from foreign policy officials, top think tanks, and academics. It argues that there is a considerable gap between BRICS＇ multipolar aspirations and the perceptions of the grouping＇s promise and potential in the US. The BRICS is often marginalized in the US as an entity, and---even if accepted as such--it is considered ineffective in terms of its results. However, the BRICS benefits US foreign policy development： it challenges US officials to clarify their message on multipolarity; it reframes the debate from bilateral China vs. US competition to multilateral processes of providing global public goods; it generates a subfield of BRICS studies, which internationalize the production and consumption of knowledge in the field of global politics.
文摘The English language is seen by the Chinese as a tool of significant pragmatic value, both by the individual and the state. Discourse on English language education within China has, both historically and at present, pitted the pragmatic value of English against concerns of cultural and linguistic erosion and imposition. Concerns over the corrupting impact the English language may have on the Chinese language, and further on Chinese culture, uneasily coexist with an acceptance of the English language＇s role as the key to modernization and economic development. Voices of past and present, have at their core a desire for the protection of a reified cultural identity or essence. However, cultural and linguistic influence has not merely been imposed upon China from external forces, but has been actively drawn in by domestic forces. Such domestic forces range from foreign language education policies that meet the demands of a globalized market-driven economy, to a market demand for English language media such as TV programs, movies and literature. Ultimately, the presence and significance of these domestic forces undermines a view of the English language as a vehicle of cultural imperialism in China.
文摘Cbina＇s rapid economic growth has benefited from the country＇s wellplaced position in the global production chain. But China encounters an acute security, dilemma externally and internally because it is integrating into a world system in which market democracies dominate and view China＇s rise with suspicion. Globalization changes, complicates, and benefits Chinese foreign policy. A growing China is also increasingly affecting globalization in its own image. Globalization has caused a backlash, particularly in developed countries, partly because of the China factor, and China＇s own commitment to globalization is being tested as economic problems mount in the current financial crisis.
