Gegen Qinlian Decoction is one of the commonly used classical prescriptions,which consists of fourherbs:Gegen(Puerariae Lobatae Radix),Huangqin(Scutellariae Radix),Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma),and Zhigancao Glycyrrhiza...Gegen Qinlian Decoction is one of the commonly used classical prescriptions,which consists of fourherbs:Gegen(Puerariae Lobatae Radix),Huangqin(Scutellariae Radix),Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma),and Zhigancao Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle.The clinical application experience of Gegen Qinlian Decoction is as follows:first,according to Zhongjing Zhang's original text,heat distressing the large intestine with unresolved exterior syndrome is theoriginal meaningof Gegen Qinlian Decoction syndrome.In clinical practice,bacillary dysentery,gastrointestinal cold,etc.,belong to simultaneous exterior and interior disease,which are completely consistent with the original meaning of this prescription;second,the clinical digestive system diseases with exuberant heat of the large intestine as the core manifestation cannot be treated merely based on the exterior syndrome;third,due to the interior-exterior relationship between the lung and the large intestine and between the meridians,the use of Gegen(Puerariae Lobatae Radix),Huangqin(Scutellariae Radix),and Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)can make the source of body clear,and the waste qi can be released and thepore can be easily opened,so this prescription can also be used for exogenous fever;fourth,with multidimensional comprehensive understanding of the syndrome,pathogenesis,symptoms and pharmacology,Gegen Qinlian Decoction has also been further applied to the treatment of hypertension,diabetes,etc.展开更多
Although the calculation of radiative transfer in the middle-shortwave infrared band is important in the field of optical remote sensing, studies in this area of research are rare in China. Both solar reflection and a...Although the calculation of radiative transfer in the middle-shortwave infrared band is important in the field of optical remote sensing, studies in this area of research are rare in China. Both solar reflection and atmospheric emission should be considered when calculating radiative transfer in the middle-shortwave infrared band. This paper presents a new radiative transfer model based on the doubling and adding method. The new model uses approximate calculations of direct solar reflection,multiple scattering, and thermal emissions for a finitely thin atmospheric layer and considers both the solar and thermal sources of radiation. To verify its accuracy, the calculation results produced by the model for four typical scenarios(single layer at night,multi-layer aerosols, double-layer with ice and water clouds, and multi-layer with clouds and aerosols) were compared with those of the DISORT model. With the exception of a few channels, the absolute deviation between the two models was less than2×10^(-6) K. For the same calculation, the computation speed of the new model was approximately two to three times faster than that of the DISORT model. Sensitivity studies were performed to evaluate the error resulting from using simplified calculation methods in the new model. The results obtained in this study indicated that atmospheric thermal emission made a significant contribution to the measured radiance in the strong-absorption band(2230–2400 cm^(-1)), whereas solar radiation could be neglected in this region. However, neglecting solar radiation in the window region(2400–2580 cm^(-1)) introduced error on the order of dozens of K. Employing the average-layer temperature method simplified the calculation of thermal radiation but caused a larger error in the strong-absorption band than in the window region. In the doubling and adding method, the calculation error decreased as the value used for minimum optical thickness decreased. Under the condition of satisfying the requirement of calculation precision, we can consider using the layer-average temperature radiation method and selecting a relative larger minimum optical thickness value to improve the calculation efficiency. The new radiative calculation model proposed herein can be used in the simulation, inversion, and assimilation of middle-shortwave infrared measurements by hyper-spectral satellite instruments.展开更多
基金supported by the Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Academic School Inheritance Workshop Construction of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine-YanjingLiu's Typhoid Fever School InheritanceWorkshop(LPGZS 2019-01)Projectof Chinese Medicine Master Inheritance Workshop of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Qingguo Wang Inheritance Workshaop(2014011)the Sixth Batch of National Chinese Medicine Senior Experts Academic Experience Inheritance Project of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(2017-01).
文摘Gegen Qinlian Decoction is one of the commonly used classical prescriptions,which consists of fourherbs:Gegen(Puerariae Lobatae Radix),Huangqin(Scutellariae Radix),Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma),and Zhigancao Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle.The clinical application experience of Gegen Qinlian Decoction is as follows:first,according to Zhongjing Zhang's original text,heat distressing the large intestine with unresolved exterior syndrome is theoriginal meaningof Gegen Qinlian Decoction syndrome.In clinical practice,bacillary dysentery,gastrointestinal cold,etc.,belong to simultaneous exterior and interior disease,which are completely consistent with the original meaning of this prescription;second,the clinical digestive system diseases with exuberant heat of the large intestine as the core manifestation cannot be treated merely based on the exterior syndrome;third,due to the interior-exterior relationship between the lung and the large intestine and between the meridians,the use of Gegen(Puerariae Lobatae Radix),Huangqin(Scutellariae Radix),and Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma)can make the source of body clear,and the waste qi can be released and thepore can be easily opened,so this prescription can also be used for exogenous fever;fourth,with multidimensional comprehensive understanding of the syndrome,pathogenesis,symptoms and pharmacology,Gegen Qinlian Decoction has also been further applied to the treatment of hypertension,diabetes,etc.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program(Grant No.2015AA123704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41475031)the Special Fund for Scientific Research(Meteorology)in the Public Interest(Grant Nos.GYHY201506074&GYHY201506002)
文摘Although the calculation of radiative transfer in the middle-shortwave infrared band is important in the field of optical remote sensing, studies in this area of research are rare in China. Both solar reflection and atmospheric emission should be considered when calculating radiative transfer in the middle-shortwave infrared band. This paper presents a new radiative transfer model based on the doubling and adding method. The new model uses approximate calculations of direct solar reflection,multiple scattering, and thermal emissions for a finitely thin atmospheric layer and considers both the solar and thermal sources of radiation. To verify its accuracy, the calculation results produced by the model for four typical scenarios(single layer at night,multi-layer aerosols, double-layer with ice and water clouds, and multi-layer with clouds and aerosols) were compared with those of the DISORT model. With the exception of a few channels, the absolute deviation between the two models was less than2×10^(-6) K. For the same calculation, the computation speed of the new model was approximately two to three times faster than that of the DISORT model. Sensitivity studies were performed to evaluate the error resulting from using simplified calculation methods in the new model. The results obtained in this study indicated that atmospheric thermal emission made a significant contribution to the measured radiance in the strong-absorption band(2230–2400 cm^(-1)), whereas solar radiation could be neglected in this region. However, neglecting solar radiation in the window region(2400–2580 cm^(-1)) introduced error on the order of dozens of K. Employing the average-layer temperature method simplified the calculation of thermal radiation but caused a larger error in the strong-absorption band than in the window region. In the doubling and adding method, the calculation error decreased as the value used for minimum optical thickness decreased. Under the condition of satisfying the requirement of calculation precision, we can consider using the layer-average temperature radiation method and selecting a relative larger minimum optical thickness value to improve the calculation efficiency. The new radiative calculation model proposed herein can be used in the simulation, inversion, and assimilation of middle-shortwave infrared measurements by hyper-spectral satellite instruments.