基于环境DNA宏条形码技术的北京地区鱼类多样性调查和外来鱼种入侵风险评估

【目的】调查北京地区鱼类多样性和群落分布及评估外来鱼种的入侵风险。【方法】选取北京地区水库、湖泊和河流3种水体类型共33个采样点,于2020年6月10—17日开展水生态监测,利用环境DNA宏条形码技术对各样点的鱼类多样性和群落结构进行监测和分析,对目前北京地区水生态系统中本地鱼种和外来鱼种进行分类汇总,并评估典型外来入侵鱼种的入侵风险。【结果】本次调查共检测到52种淡水鱼类,隶属于7目22科43属。首先,物种多样性和群落结构(主坐标PCOA分析和相似性ANOSIM分析)结果表明,水库、湖泊和河流3种水体类型的所有鱼类物种多样性和群落结构没有显著差异,不同水体类型中鱼类物种存在同质化现象。优势度分析结果显示,3种水体类型的优势种绝大部分是交叠的,不同水体类型特有的优势种较少。山区自然水体样点的鱼类物种多样性和生物量高于城区各样点,表明人类活动和城市化进程等可能对北京市河流鱼类多样性和群落空间分布产生影响。其次,通过与历史记载比较,北京地区的本地鱼类多样性呈下降趋势。本次检测到39种北京地区的本地原生鱼种,远远低于历史记载(83种)。此外,本次调查发现北京地区外来鱼种的比例大大增加,共检测到13种外来鱼种。其中,尼罗罗非鱼、大口黑鲈、蟾胡鲶、加蓬胡鲶、饰妆铠弓鱼和坦噶尼喀口孵非鲫6种属于外来入侵鱼种。最后,借助FISK V2指标体系对外来入侵鱼类入侵风险进行评估,结果表明,上述6种外来入侵鱼种在北京地区均具有高入侵风险,可对当地物种多样性产生严重影响,需密切关注其种群动态。【结论】本研究利用环境DNA宏条形码技术对北京地区的鱼类多样性开展调查,有助于了解现阶段北京地区鱼类资源的本底数据,同时为原生鱼类的保护和外来入侵鱼类的监管提供科学指导。

Invasive Carassius carp in Georgia： Current state of knowledge and future perspectives

In Georgia, crucian carp Carassius carassius （Linnaeus, 1758） was known from only one locality after Kessler＇s record （1877-1878） with no new findings until 1985. Since then C. carassius rapidly and simultaneously invaded almost all water bodies of Georgia. In 2004, it was for the first time noted that this invasive Carassius sp. could not be a C. Carassius, but was a form of Carassius gibelio （Bloch, 1792）. However no further data is available about this invasive species in Georgia. The aim of the present study was to investigate taxonomic status of Carassius sp. in Georgia using mtDNA phylogenetic analyses and mor- phometrie study of truss network system. Genetic analysis revealed that invasive Carassius sp. is closely related to the C. gibelio from Turkey and other countries. In contrast, morphometrically Carassius sp. from Georgia can be easily differentiated from those of Turkey indicating high intraspecific variability. This is the first time discussion on the current knowledge of the present distribution of invasive carp in Georgia with identifying current problems and future research directions needed.