系统性金融风险再认知

本文将系统性金融风险划分为内生型、外生型和混合型3类,重点讨论内生型系统性金融风险的特征刻画。认为内生型系统性金融风险的发生可归因为一些具有快速膨胀性、超额收益性、无实质进步性和汇聚性等特征的“关键性风险要素”积聚膨胀所导致,进而给出了其演化模型和度量形式。最后,在本文的理论框架下解读了房地产泡沫是我国经济的一类关键性风险要素。

一类带有非谐波扰动的随机系统的抗干扰控制

研究了一类带有多源干扰的随机系统,干扰包括非线性外生系统产生的非谐波干扰和白噪声.为了估计带有非线性动力的干扰,设计了一类随机非线性干扰观测器,并提出了一类基于非线性干扰观测器的干扰抵消方法,保证了复合闭环系统是依均方渐近有界的.最后通过仿真实例验证了本文方法的可行性和有效性.

旅游产业生态学视域下的河北省特色小镇生态系统建设路径

本文利用旅游产业生态学原理,分别从内生系统、外生系统和共生系统三方面来探讨特色小镇产业化、生态化、信息化建设的要素和路径。在分析特色小镇建设过程中的构成因子基础上,结合河北省旅游资源及特点,为建设特色小镇提出可行性设计理念和建议,使特色小镇创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享五大生态发展理念落到实处。

一类带有多源干扰的离散时间随机系统的抗干扰控制

考虑了一类带有多源干扰的离散时间随机系统的抗干扰控制问题,其中干扰包括非线性和一系列随机变量.通过设计干扰观测器来估计干扰,并提出基于干扰观测器的干扰抵消方法以保证复合系统达到满意的动态性能.最后,通过仿真算例验证了所提方案的有效性.

职业教育生态视域下的职业技能竞赛功能定位

借鉴生态学方法界定了职业技能竞赛生态子系统相关主体与概念,全面剖析了职业技能竞赛生态子系统的正向功能与负向效应,从生态协同优化与发展的视角阐述了职业技能竞赛在职业教育生态系统中的功能定位。

乡村旅游发展动力机制研究

近年来,乡村旅游在国民经济飞速发展的大好形势下得到跨越式发展,在优化经济结构、缓解"三农"问题、满足国民休闲度假需求、活跃市场经济等诸多方面做出了巨大贡献。然而,乡村旅游发展的动力机制研究却相对滞后,一定程度上,使得乡村旅游的发展存在自发性和盲目性。为更好地促进乡村旅游的持续健康发展,文章通过对乡村旅游的内生动力系统、外生动力系统两大系统进行论述,并提出了乡村旅游发展的措施。

The Appearance of Ulva laetevirens(Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) in the Northeast Coast of the United States of America

Introduced species may outcompete or hybridize with native species, resulting in the loss of native biodiversity or even alteration of ecosystem processes. In this study, we reported an alien distromatic Ulva species, which was found in an embayment(Holly Pond) connected with Long Island Sound, USA. The morphological and anatomical observations in combination with molecular data were used for its identification to species. Anatomy of collected specimens showed that the cell shape in rhizoidal and basal regions was round and the marginal teeth along the basal and median region were not found. These characteristics were primarily identical to the diagnostic characteristics of Ulva laetevirens Areschoug(Chlorophyta). The plastid-encoding tufA and nucleus-encoding ITS1 were used for its molecular identification. Phylogenetic analysis for the tufA gene placed the specimens from Holly Pond in a well-supported clade along with published sequences of U. laetevirens identified early without any sequence divergence. In ITS tree, the sample also formed well-supported clades with the sequences of U. laetevirens with an estimated sequence divergence among the taxa in these clades as low as 1%. These findings confirmed the morpho-anatomical conclusion. Native to Australia, this species was reported in several countries along the Mediterranean coast after the late of 1990 s. This is the first time that U. laetevirens is found in the northeast coast of United States and the second record for Atlantic North America.

Effects of Elevated Solar UV-B Radiation from Ozone Depletion on Terrestrial Ecosystems

In the last three decades much researchhas been carried out to investigate the biologicaleffects of a thinning stratospheric ozone layeraccompanied by an enhanced level of solarultraviolet-B radiation at the Earth’s surface.Enhanced UV-B radiation affects ecosystems in manyways directly and indirectly. The responses can bebiochemical, physiological, morphological oranatomical, and the direction of the response can varybetween different species, communities andecosystems. In this paper we firstly introduce generalconcepts, and methods for measuring the ecologicaleffects of UV-B radiation. Secondly, we provide anoverview interpretation of the effects of enhancedUV-B on terrestrial ecosystems from recent studies.These studies include effects of UV-B on growth andreproduction, composition of communities,competitive balance, decomposition of litter, andinteractions with other factors etc. Finally, werecommend future research directions to identify theeffects of elevated UV-B radiation on ecosystems inChina.

Mechanism of the genetic mutagenesis effects of far infrared ray laser

We have analyzed the order-disordering variance due to resonance effect and the nonlinear behavior of far infrared ray laser (FIRL)-biological system interaction.The analytic results show that the interaction between the living biological system and FIRL can produce resonance excitation effect,and so the original high ordered state of the system can be destroyed and thus the conformation variation in the system can be produced under further action of the laser.In addition,we have analyzed the nonlinear properties of the FIRL bio-molecule interaction and explained the mutagenesis effects of FIRL.The theoretic analysis is consistent with the results of FIRL mutagenesis breeding test.

In vitro and in vivo models of acute alcohol exposure

Alcohol abuse is a global problem due to the financial burden on society and the healthcare system. While the harmful health effects of chronic alcohol abuse are well established, more recent data suggest that acute alcohol consumption also affects human wellbeing. Thus, there is a need for research models in order to fully understand the effect of acute alcohol abuse on different body systems and organs. The present manuscript summarizes the interdisciplinary advantages and disadvantages of currently available human and non-human models of acute alcohol abuse, and identifi es their suitability for biomedical research.

Exopolysaccharide Production by Four Cyanobacterial Isolates and Preliminary Identification of These Isolates

Four marine cyanobacterial isolates, named 104, 109, 113 and 115, from marine water off China’s coast can release a large amount of exopolysaccharide (EPS) to medium.The effects of different components in medium on EPS production by the four isolates were investigated. Under the optimal condition, the EPS released by isolates 104, 109, 113 and 115 reached 7.48 g L-1, 8.33 g L-1, 18.26 g L-1, and 6.78 g L-1 within 14 d, respectively. Based on the conventional identification methods for cyanobacteria, these isolates were assigned to genus Cyanothece.

Response of Marine Microalgae,Heterotrophic Bacteria and Their Relationship to Enhanced UV-B Radiation

Ozone depletion in the stratosphere has enhanced solar UV-B radiation reaching the Earth surface and has brought about significant effects to marine ecosystems. The effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on marine microalgae, heterotrophic bacteria and the interaction between them are discussed. The effects on marine microalgae have been proved to occur at molecular, cellular and population levels. Enhanced UV-B radiation increases microalgal flavonoid content but decreases their chlorophyll content and pho- tosynthesis rate; this radiation induces genetic change and results in DNA damage and change of protein content. There have been fewer studies on the effects of UV-B radiation on marine heterotrophic bacteria. Establishment of a microalgal ecological dynamic model at population and commuity levels under UV-B radiation has gradually become a hotspot. The effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on microalgae commtmities, heterotrophic bacterial populations and interaction between them will become a focus in the near future. This paper will make an overview on the studies concerning the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on marine microalgae and heterotrophic bacteria and the interaction between them.

Toward modular construction of cell‐free multienzyme systems

The implementation of multiple enzymes for chemical production in a cell‐free scenario is an emerging field in biomanufacturing.It enables the redesign and reconstitution of new enzymatic routes for producing chemicals that may be hard to obtain from natural pathways.Although the construction of a cell‐free multienzyme system is highly flexible and adaptable,it is challenging to make all enzymatic reactions act in concert.Recently,modular construction has been conceptual‐ized as an effective way to harmonize diverse enzymatic reactions.In this review,we introduce the concept of a multienzyme module and exemplify representative modules found in Nature.We then categorize recent developments of synthetic multienzyme modules into main‐reaction modules and auxiliary modules according to their roles in reaction routes.We highlight four main‐reaction mod‐ules that can perform carbon metabolism,carbon assimilation,protein glycosylation and nonribo‐somal peptide synthesis,and exemplify auxiliary modules used for energy supply,protection and reinforcement for main reactions.The reactor‐level modularization of multienzyme catalysis is also discussed.

The ecosystem of Lake Kenon:past and present(Transbaikal Territory,Russia)

Present-day conditions of the Lake Kenon ecosystem are determined by a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. We have estimated the effects of a complex of factors on the condition of the abiotic environment and on specific biological components in the lake ecosystem. Change in biogenic load has caused an increase in the role of phytoplankton in the general balance of organic matter during the high-water period. Charophytes are the main dominants of bottom vegetation. Anthropogenic load has caused a decrease in both fish species and fish capacity. The lake application as a water reservoir-cooler has influenced the average annual water mineralization （from 420 mg/L to 530.0 mg/L with a maximum 654 mg/L in 1993） and fluctuations in its hydrochemical composition. The present composition of the lake is sulfate-hydrocarbonate-chloride calcium-sodic-magnesium in character. S（Y44 content is twice as much as the maximum permissible concentration in fishery waters. Water drainage from an ash disposal area to the lake has caused an increase in chemical-element concentrations including the heavy metals. Hg concentration in Perca fluviatilis muscles is 0.5 9g/g dry wt. Thus, understanding directions in the ecosystem of the water reservoir-cooler under changing hydrological conditions will let us forecast the consequences of new combined heat and power plant operation.

Mangroves Restoration and Observation in Kaohsiung Jhong-Dou Wetland

The ecosystems of Kaohsiung are rich and diverse. Examples of ecosystems include the tropical rainforest ecology, marine ecology of the coastal forests, and the estuary type ecology of mangrove forests. The Jhong-Dou Wetland Park is situated in the Jhong-Dou Redevelopment Zone, 2.5km from the Lover River Estuary. This area is defined by brackish aquatic environments--a mixture of fresh and salt water, and fulfills the criteria for mangrove restoration. It is expected that the current restoration project will recreate an epitome of the once-diverse, co-existing mangrove species of Kaohsiung＇s past, and improves upon the functions of environmental education. The initial mangrove species planned for restoration are the existing Kandelia obovata, Rhizophora stylosa, Avicennia marina and the Lumnitzera racemosa populations of the Kaohsiung area. These plants will be placed in experimental habitats that correspond to the unique micro-climates required for the growth of each species, and the mangrove-associated plants will also be restored concurrently in the terrestrial environments behind the mangrove forests. The process of restoration will be monitored by academia, as well as providing reference for subsequent mangrove environment restoration efforts. The main purpose of this research in these four mangrove species of this wetland park is to understand their adaptation to the rehabilitating environment, and be able to feedback these information to the design and maintenance team of the park. The research method is to observe and record their growing status, also execute a survey on the nearby mangrove habitation. The observation has started on December 1 st of 2010, and still has been continued carry on since then. From the research result, it shows that the A vicennia marina （Forsk.） Vierh. and Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. are the two species that had been well adapted to this wetland park. It was recommended to the Kaohsiung City Government that the restoration of the extinct Ceriops tagal and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza can be achieved through foreign species exchanges （the species must be identified before introduction）, and that plans for monitoring the flora and fauna in the park should be drafted to record the ecological alterations of the Jhong-Dou Wetlands. This will pronounce the ecological importance of Kaohsiung on a global, geographical scale. Lastly, the Government should draw up plans of mangrove forest maintenance in order to sustain the ecological and landscape recreational functions of the Jhong-Dou Wetland Park.

Status, Impact and Management of Certain Alien Plant Pests Proven to Be Invasive to Thailand＇s Ecology

Introduction of foreign plants and animals into Thailand＇s ecology has a long history, some arrived accidentally and others had a purpose. As global commerce increases, the issue of invasive alien species has become more urgent in Thailand. These agents are increasingly seen as a threat not only to biodiversity and ecosystem, but also to economic development and human well-being. They reduce yields of agricultural crops, forests and fisheries, decrease water availability, cause costly land degradation, block transport routes and contribute to the spread of disease. It is clear that since trade will not stop, dangerous alien species need to be controlled and managed and the strategies and control measures are to prevent, eradicate, contain, or effectively control the invaders. Implementation of these measures requires appropriate legislation, regulation and procedures. The impact of some invasive alien pests and their management on the agricultural sector of Thailand are presented.

The use of suicide gene systems in vascular cells in vitro

To investigate the efficiency of suicide gene systems on vascular cells, HSV-tk/GCV and EC-CD/5-FC systems were established on vascular endothelial cells in vitro by retroviral transduction. Both modified cell lines were highly sensitive to prodrugs, the IC50 for GCV was less than 0.4 μM, and IC50 for 5-FC was less than 75 μM,while the parental endothelial cells were insensitive even at the highest concentrations of prodrugs in this experiment. Mixed cellular assay showed that significant bystander effect was exhibited in modified endothelial cells.When only 10% or 30% of the mixed cells were tk positive and exposed to 20 μM GCV for 6 days, more than 60% or 90% of the whole population was killed. Similar result was also found in CD positive cells. These results indicated that both HSV-tk/GCV and EC-CD/5-FC systems could efficiently suppress endothelial cell growth in vitro.

Diagnosis of Soil Nutrient Constraints in Small-Scale Groundnut （Arachis hyopaea L,） Production Systems of Western Kenya Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Wise decision-making on resource allocation and intervention targeting for soil management cannot rely solely on trial and error methods and field observations used by small-scale farmers： cost-effective soil fertility survey methods are needed. This study aimed to test the applicability of infrared spectroscopy （IR） as a diagnostic screening tool for making soil fertility recommendations in small-scale production systems. Soil fertility survey of 150 small-scale groundnut farms in western Kenya was conducted using a spatially stratified random sampling strategy. Soil properties examined were pH in water （pHw）, total carbon （C）, total nitrogen （N）, extractable phosphorus （P）, exchangeable potassium （K）, calcium （Ca）, magnesium （Mg） and texture. These properties were calibrated to mid-infrared （MIR） diffuse reflectance using partial least square regression （PLSR）. Cross-validated coefficient of determination （r2） values obtained from calibration models were 〉 0.80 for all properties, except P and K with 0.66 and 0.50 respectively. Soil nutritional deficiencies were evaluated using critical nutrient limits based on IR predictions and composite soil fertility indices （SFIs） developed from the soil properties using principal component analysis. The SFIs were calibrated to MIR soil spectral reflectance with cross-validated r： values 〉 0.80. The survey showed that 56% of the groundnut farms had severe soil nutrient constraints for production, especially exchangeable Ca, available P and organic matter. IR can provide a robust tool for farm soil fertility assessment and recommendation systems when backed up by conventional reference analyses. However, further work is required to test direct calibration of crop responses to spectral indicators and to improve prediction of extractable P and K tests.

Uses of Invasive Alien Plant Species in Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary of Bangladesh

An exploratory survey was conducted on the uses and role of invasive alien species(IAS) to local livelihoods in the Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary in the northeastern hilly region of Bangladesh.Vegetation was sampled in 50 quadrates,each 10 m×10 m,and 25 line transects,each 50 m×20 m,through a combination of random and systematic sampling.Group discussions were also arranged with fifty local inhabitants(17 % of the total inhabitants) to learn the various uses of IAS.A total of 17 alien plant species belonging to 10 different families,of which Leguminosae constitutes the highest number(5 species),include tree(53%) followed by herb(12%),shrub(12%) and others(weed,climber and palm).The majority of the identified species were found to be used for fuel,followed by timber production,medicinal or curative uses,fodder,and many others.In addition to providing various forest products,alien tree species planted in forest plantation help provide many vital ecosystem services such as soil amelioration through nitrogen fixation.It is true that the alien species have some negative impacts on local ecosystems,and not all of them are harmful.Therefore,a national programme must be initiated to distinguish the harmful from the harmless species and to identify the uses and impacts of the former and latter.

Extracellular vesicle–based drug delivery system boosts phytochemicals’therapeutic effect for neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases(NDs)are a major threat to the elderly,and efficient therapy is rarely available.A group of phytochemicals has been shown to ameliorate NDs;however,poor stability,low bioavailability,and reduced drug accumulation in brain tissue limit their application in NDs.Therefore,a targeted drug delivery system is a feasible treatment strategy for NDs.Extracellular vesicles(EVs)possess many favorable bioactivities and are excellent carriers for targeting brain tissue.This review summarizes EVs as novel phytochemical carriers in ND therapy.First,we discuss the current challenges of ND therapy and the therapeutic effects of phytochemicals for NDs.Second,we highlight the ability of EVs to cross the blood-brain barrier and act as drug carriers to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs for NDs.Finally,encapsulation strategies for phytochemicals in EVs are particularly reviewed,as they are critical for obtaining high loading efficacy and stable drug delivery systems.This review provides new insights into EV-based drug delivery systems for improving the therapeutic effect of phytochemicals for ND treatment.Therefore,the release rate and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals should be well controlled to ensure the therapeutic efficacy of phytochemical-loaded EVs in the brain.