A systematic and effective optimization is proposed for the design of a three-dimensional （3-D） vehicle suspension model with eight degrees of freedom （DOF）, including vertical seat motion, vehicle suspension, pit...A systematic and effective optimization is proposed for the design of a three-dimensional （3-D） vehicle suspension model with eight degrees of freedom （DOF）, including vertical seat motion, vehicle suspension, pitching and rolling motions, and vertical wheel motions using the evolutionary game theory. A new design of the passive suspension is aided by game theory to attain the best compromise between ride quality and suspension deflections. Extensive simulations are performed on three type road surface models A, B, C pavement grades based on the guidelines provided by ISO-2631 with the Matlab/Simulink environment. The preliminary results show that, when the passive suspension is optimized via the proposed approach, a substantial improvement in the vertical ride quality is obtained while keeping the suspension deflections within their allowable clearance when the vehicle moves at a constant velocity v=20 m/s, and the comfort performance of a suspension seat can be enhanced by 20%-30%.展开更多
In vivo fluorescence methods are efficient tools for studying the distribution of phytoplankton in nature.Different algae species usually have different pigments with different ratios,which results in different fluore...In vivo fluorescence methods are efficient tools for studying the distribution of phytoplankton in nature.Different algae species usually have different pigments with different ratios,which results in different fluorescence emission spectra.Based on multiple excitation wavelength fluorescence emission spectra,a discrimination technique is established in this study.The discrimination method,established by multivariate linear regression and weighted least-squares,was used to differentiate the samples cultured in the laboratory and collected from Jiaozhou Bay near Qingdao at the division level.The correctly discriminated samples were ≥ 86% for single algae samples,≥ 88% for simulatively mixed ones,≥ 91% for physically mixed ones and 100% for samples collected from Jiaozhou Bay.The result in this research is more definite for the physically mixed samples in the laboratory.The method described here can be employed to monitor the phytoplankton population in the marine environment.展开更多
Ordinary least squares(OLS) algorithm is widely applied in process measurement, because the sensor model used to estimate unknown parameters can be approximated through multivariate linear model. However, with few or ...Ordinary least squares(OLS) algorithm is widely applied in process measurement, because the sensor model used to estimate unknown parameters can be approximated through multivariate linear model. However, with few or noisy data or multi-collinearity, unbiased OLS leads to large variance. Biased estimators, especially ridge estimator, have been introduced to improve OLS by trading bias for variance. Ridge estimator is feasible as an estimator with smaller variance. At the same confidence level, with additive noise as the normal random variable, the less variance one estimator has, the shorter the two-sided symmetric confidence interval is. However, this finding is limited to the unbiased estimator and few studies analyze and compare the confidence levels between ridge estimator and OLS. This paper derives the matrix of ridge parameters under necessary and sufficient conditions based on which ridge estimator is superior to OLS in terms of mean squares error matrix, rather than mean squares error.Then the confidence levels between ridge estimator and OLS are compared under the condition of OLS fixed symmetric confidence interval, rather than the criteria for evaluating the validity of different unbiased estimators. We conclude that the confidence level of ridge estimator can not be directly compared with that of OLS based on the criteria available for unbiased estimators, which is verified by a simulation and a laboratory scale experiment on a single parameter measurement.展开更多
Let n 1 and Tm be the bilinear square Fourier multiplier operator associated with a symbol m,which is defined by Tm（f1, f2）（x） =（∫0^∞︱∫（Rn）^2）e^2πix·（ξ1＋ξ2））m（tξ1, tξ2）f1（ξ1）f2（ξ2）d...Let n 1 and Tm be the bilinear square Fourier multiplier operator associated with a symbol m,which is defined by Tm（f1, f2）（x） =（∫0^∞︱∫（Rn）^2）e^2πix·（ξ1＋ξ2））m（tξ1, tξ2）f1（ξ1）f2（ξ2）dξ1dξ2︱^2dt/t）^1/2.Let s be an integer with s ∈ [n ＋ 1, 2n] and p0 be a number satisfying 2n/s p0 2. Suppose that νω=∏i^2=1ω^i^p/p） and each ωi is a nonnegative function on Rn. In this paper, we show that under some condition on m, Tm is bounded from L^p1（ω1） × L^p2（ω2） to L^p（νω） if p0 〈 p1, p2 〈 ∞ with 1/p = 1/p1 ＋ 1/p2. Moreover,if p0 〉 2n/s and p1 = p0 or p2 = p0, then Tm is bounded from L^p1（ω1） × L^p2（ω2） to L^p,∞（νω）. The weighted end-point L log L type estimate and strong estimate for the commutators of Tm are also given. These were done by considering the boundedness of some related multilinear square functions associated with mild regularity kernels and essentially improving some basic lemmas which have been used before.展开更多
基金Supported by Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (070003)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (070414154)~~
文摘A systematic and effective optimization is proposed for the design of a three-dimensional （3-D） vehicle suspension model with eight degrees of freedom （DOF）, including vertical seat motion, vehicle suspension, pitching and rolling motions, and vertical wheel motions using the evolutionary game theory. A new design of the passive suspension is aided by game theory to attain the best compromise between ride quality and suspension deflections. Extensive simulations are performed on three type road surface models A, B, C pavement grades based on the guidelines provided by ISO-2631 with the Matlab/Simulink environment. The preliminary results show that, when the passive suspension is optimized via the proposed approach, a substantial improvement in the vertical ride quality is obtained while keeping the suspension deflections within their allowable clearance when the vehicle moves at a constant velocity v=20 m/s, and the comfort performance of a suspension seat can be enhanced by 20%-30%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40706036)the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No.2006AA09Z178)
文摘In vivo fluorescence methods are efficient tools for studying the distribution of phytoplankton in nature.Different algae species usually have different pigments with different ratios,which results in different fluorescence emission spectra.Based on multiple excitation wavelength fluorescence emission spectra,a discrimination technique is established in this study.The discrimination method,established by multivariate linear regression and weighted least-squares,was used to differentiate the samples cultured in the laboratory and collected from Jiaozhou Bay near Qingdao at the division level.The correctly discriminated samples were ≥ 86% for single algae samples,≥ 88% for simulatively mixed ones,≥ 91% for physically mixed ones and 100% for samples collected from Jiaozhou Bay.The result in this research is more definite for the physically mixed samples in the laboratory.The method described here can be employed to monitor the phytoplankton population in the marine environment.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （21006127） and the National Basic Research Program of China （2012CB720500）.
文摘Ordinary least squares(OLS) algorithm is widely applied in process measurement, because the sensor model used to estimate unknown parameters can be approximated through multivariate linear model. However, with few or noisy data or multi-collinearity, unbiased OLS leads to large variance. Biased estimators, especially ridge estimator, have been introduced to improve OLS by trading bias for variance. Ridge estimator is feasible as an estimator with smaller variance. At the same confidence level, with additive noise as the normal random variable, the less variance one estimator has, the shorter the two-sided symmetric confidence interval is. However, this finding is limited to the unbiased estimator and few studies analyze and compare the confidence levels between ridge estimator and OLS. This paper derives the matrix of ridge parameters under necessary and sufficient conditions based on which ridge estimator is superior to OLS in terms of mean squares error matrix, rather than mean squares error.Then the confidence levels between ridge estimator and OLS are compared under the condition of OLS fixed symmetric confidence interval, rather than the criteria for evaluating the validity of different unbiased estimators. We conclude that the confidence level of ridge estimator can not be directly compared with that of OLS based on the criteria available for unbiased estimators, which is verified by a simulation and a laboratory scale experiment on a single parameter measurement.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11401175, 11501169 and 11471041)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2014KJJCA10)+2 种基金Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. NCET-13-0065)Grantin-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (Grant No. 15K04942)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
文摘Let n 1 and Tm be the bilinear square Fourier multiplier operator associated with a symbol m,which is defined by Tm（f1, f2）（x） =（∫0^∞︱∫（Rn）^2）e^2πix·（ξ1＋ξ2））m（tξ1, tξ2）f1（ξ1）f2（ξ2）dξ1dξ2︱^2dt/t）^1/2.Let s be an integer with s ∈ [n ＋ 1, 2n] and p0 be a number satisfying 2n/s p0 2. Suppose that νω=∏i^2=1ω^i^p/p） and each ωi is a nonnegative function on Rn. In this paper, we show that under some condition on m, Tm is bounded from L^p1（ω1） × L^p2（ω2） to L^p（νω） if p0 〈 p1, p2 〈 ∞ with 1/p = 1/p1 ＋ 1/p2. Moreover,if p0 〉 2n/s and p1 = p0 or p2 = p0, then Tm is bounded from L^p1（ω1） × L^p2（ω2） to L^p,∞（νω）. The weighted end-point L log L type estimate and strong estimate for the commutators of Tm are also given. These were done by considering the boundedness of some related multilinear square functions associated with mild regularity kernels and essentially improving some basic lemmas which have been used before.
