论中国古代的多京制

文章首先按照滥觞期、繁荣期、尾声三个历史发展阶段,叙述了中国古代多京制的基本发展过程;其次对三京制、四京制、五京制、六京制四种主要多京制形态及其产生的原因做了具体分析;最后,文章对多京制的类型、产生原因、走势及其与国体的关系进行了分析,总结出多京制的四种类型:2+X模式、分域模式、A+B+C……模式和圣都模式,说明了多京制产生的内在意义:圣都概念、留都概念、都邑概念、商业中心概念、分区而治概念、五行概念、行都概念、传统延续概念等,分析了多京制在空间上先东西后南北、时间上前松后紧的基本走势,并从多京制表现国体的方式和意义两个方面探讨了多京制与国体的关系。

论中国古代多京体系中的两京主体制

两京主体制发源于殷商,此后经历了东西平衡型和南北平衡型两个发展阶段。东西平衡型两京主体制是中国古代多京体系下两京主体制的主要形式。它肇始于西周,中历两汉、新朝,直至隋、唐等朝代;元、明、清三代则实行了较明显的南北平衡型两京制。两京主体制一般伴随着形式、完整程度有所不同的政治体制双套制。两京主体制的形成主要有政治、经济、军事、文化、自然条件等方面的原因。由于两京主体制在中国古代长期存在,古人已形成了较成熟的两京观念和较高的对两京主体制的认同度。两京的交通是一件重要的事情,特别是皇帝来往于两京之间,不但规模宏大、礼仪隆重,还需建有大量行宫等。

Economic Value Evaluation of Wetland Service in Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve,Beijing

Based on multi-source data,this paper evaluated the economic value of ecological services in the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve,Beijing,China.The ecological services of wetland included gas regulation,water quality im-provement,biodiversity maintenance,erosion control,water supply,recreational opportunity,raw material supply and existence value.Multiple conventional evaluation methods were used to calculate the value of eight wetland services.The results showed that significant values came from biodiversity maintenance and recreational opportunity.The main reasons were as follows.Firstly,Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve was the habitat for migrant birds,and government had payed more efforts to protect precious birds.Secondly,the population is large in Beijing.People enjoyed going outside and enjoyed the natural and artificial wetland scenes.At the same time,most people were prepared to pay for wetland conservation.The decline of vegetation cover made the economic value of erosion control the lowest.While the shrink of water resource and the deteriorative water quality caused the economic value of water supply lower.The evaluation results could help decision-makers understand the present status of the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve and provide a scientific basis for strategic decision.

论中国古代多京体系中的两京主体制

中国古代的都城制度,总体上以多京制为主,形成了多元化的都城体系。但在实行多京制的过程中,大多又以两京(首都与某一重要陪都)为主体,其他陪都则居于次要地位,这样就形成了多京制都城体系中的两京主体制。这种体制在唐、宋、元、明、清各朝已经极为普遍,并渗透到古人的观念中。

论中国古代陪都现象

中国古代存在着一个具有一定普遍性的"陪都现象"。陪都现象在中国最早出现于殷商时期,但是比较正规的陪都始于西周。周武王建立了以镐为京的地域辽阔的大帝国,为了统治辽阔的东方,兴建东都成周洛邑,这是中国陪都制度之始。直至清代,陪都成为中国古代历史发展中的一种具有政治、经济、文化、军事等多种意义的历史现象。