改进的基于多依赖性的R＆D项目组合选择模型

复杂产品开发企业往往拥有多个产品线开发项目和公用技术平台开发项目.由于资源的稀缺性,企业决策者不得不面临着R&D项目组合选择的难题.针对复杂产品开发过程中存在的多项目间混合依赖特性,采用关联性分配矩阵定量化描述三个及以上项目共同作用时的相互依赖程度;综合考虑项目间的收益依赖、资源依赖和技术依赖等关联特征,构建一种新颖的面向研发项目组合选择问题的非线性规划模型;并设计和实现了基于模拟退火的相关求解算法.最后将本文提出的方法应用于国内某汽车公司的研发项目组合管理实践中,实验结果证明了该方法的合理性与有效性.

Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 and its inhibitor PRNK

Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase,which is also known as Ca2 +-dependent tyrosine kinase or related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase.Pyk2 activation exerts a critical regulatory mechanism for various physiological processes including cytoskeleton function,regulation of cell growth and death,modulation of ion channels and multiple signaling events.However,mechanisms underlying the functional diversity of Pyk2 are not clear.A Pyk2 isoform that encodes only part of the C-terminal domain of Pyk2,named as PRNK (Pyk2-related non-kinase),acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of Pyk2-dependent signaling by displacing Pyk2 from focal adhesions.Research on functional PRNK probably provides new potential inhibitory tool targeting Pyk2 and makes it possible to explore more of Pyk2 pathological mechanism.PRNK is a promising candidate targeting Pyk2 modulation.This review focuses on the functional investigation of Pyk2 and its structure and localization,including recent research with inhibitory strategies targeting Pyk2 by the method of PRNK.

Heat transfer study on solid and porous convective fins with temperature-dependent heat generation using efficient analytical method

A simple and highly accurate semi-analytical method, called the differential transformation method(DTM), was used for solving the nonlinear temperature distribution equation in solid and porous longitudinal fin with temperature dependent internal heat generation. The problem was solved for two main cases. In the first case, heat generation was assumed variable by fin temperature for a solid fin and in second heat generation varied with temperature for a porous fin. Results are presented for the temperature distribution for a range of values of parameters appearing in the mathematical formulation(e.g. N, εG, and G). Results reveal that DTM is very effective and convenient. Also, it is found that this method can achieve more suitable results in comparison to numerical methods.

Lipopolysaccharide enhances the inhibition of NF-κB expression in NNK-mediated peritoneal macrophages

Objective： The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide （LPS） on the expression of nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） in 4-（methylitrosamino）-1-（3-pyridyl）-1-butanone （NNK）-mediated primary mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Methods： The activity of peritoneal rnacrophages treated with different concentrations of LPS was detected by MTT assay in rider to find the optimal concentration. Peritoneal macrophages were also treated with NNK （100-500 μM）, with or without LPS for 9 h. The expression of NF-κB was demonstrated via immunocytochemistry （ICC） and Western- blot, respectively. Results： The concentration of LPS at 25 μg/mL was found to be the optimal concentration to improve the activity of peritoneal macrophages （P 〈 0.01）. Simultaneously, LPS （25 μg/mL） increased the expression of NF-κB in both the nucleus and cytoplasm and facilitated transfer of NF-κB to the nucleus. NNK treatment significantly inhibited the expression of NF-κB in a concentration-dependent manner, among the LPS-stimulated or unstimulated peritoneal macrophages, especially when cotreated with LPS （25 μg/mL, P 〈 0.01 ）. Furthermore, NNK treatment （500 μM） with LPS yielded a significant decrease in NF-κB translocation to nucleus and inhibited the expression of NF-κB （P 〈 0.005）. Conclusion： LPS enhances the suppression of NF-κB expression in NNK-mediated mouse peritoneal macrophages, which may provide a theoretical basis for the inhibition of cancer.

PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON ASSOCIATIONS OF IDDM3, IDDM4, IDDM5 AND IDDM8 WITH IDDM IN CHENGDU POPULATION

Objective. To study the associations of IDDM3, IDDM4, IDDM5 and IDDM8 with insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Methods. The polymorphisms of short tandem repeat (STR) loci D15S657, D11S1369, D6S2420 and D6S503, linked to IDDM3, IDDM4, IDDM5 and IDDM8 respectively, were studied by polymerase chain reaction and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PCR- PAGE) followed by direct sequencing of PCR products in 105 normal Chinese Han nationality subjects and 48 patients with IDDM. Results. The allele frequencies of allele A5 at D15S657 locus, allele A5 at D11S1369 locus and allele A4 at D6S2420 locus were increased significantly in patients with IDDM compared to those in the control group. No difference in the allele frequencies at D6S503 locus was observed between IDDM and control group. Conclusion. IDDM3, IDDM4 , IDDM5 but not IDDM8 may be associated with IDDM in Chinese Han nationality population.

Clinical research on treatment of advanced androgen independent prostate cancer with Docetaxel and Thalidomide

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effects and adverse reactions of Docetaxel and Thalidomide in treating advanced androgen independent prostate cancer(AIPC).Methods:12 cases of advanced AIPC were given a combined treatment of Docetaxel and Thalidomide, with Docetaxel 75 mg/m2 on day 1 and Thalidomide 100 mg per day as initial dose and 300 mg as terminal dose by an increase of 50 mg every week.Results:The post-treatment values of prostate specific antigen(PSA) were normal(< 4 ng/L) in 10 patients, less than 50% of pretreatment value in one patient, and no significant change in one patient.The median survival time was 14 months and period of the median symptoms reduction was 16.3 months.Common adverse reactions were tolerable, including nausea, vomiting, leukopenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia.Conclusion:The regimen of Docetaxel combined with Thalidomide was effective and tolerable in the treatment of advanced AIPC.

Intervention effect and dose-dependent response of Tanreqing injection on airway inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced rats

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of Tanreqing injection on airway inflammation in rats. METHODS: A rat model of airway inflammation was generated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tanreqing injection was given by intratracheal instillation, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from the right lung was collected. BALF total cell and neutrophil counts were then determined. In addition, BALF levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.The middle lobe of the right lung was stained with hematoxylin-eosin and histological changes examined. RESULTS: LPS increased airway inflammation, decreased BALF inflammatory cell count, inflammatory cytokine levels, and suppressed leukocyte influx of the lung. The LPS-induced airway inflammation peaked at 24 h, decreased beginning at 48 h, and had decreased markedly by 96 h. CONCLUSION: Tanreqing injection contains anti-inflammatory properties, and inhibits airway inflammation in a dose-dependent manner.

Species abundance is jointly determined by functional traits and negative density dependence in a subtropical forest in southern China

Aims The factors affecting species abundance are a subject of ongoing debates in community ecology.Empirical studies have demonstrated that tree abundance is affected by plant functional traits and negative density dependence(NDD).However,few studies have focused on the combined effects of NDD and plant functional traits on species abundance.Methods In this study,we used tree functional traits and two census data from a 50-ha forest dynamic plot in the Heishiding(HSD)Nature Reserve to explore the combined effects of functional traits and NDD on species abundance.Using hierarchical Bayesian models,we analyzed how neighbor densities affected the survival of saplings from 130 species and extracted posterior means of the coefficients to represent NDD.The structural equation modeling(SEM)analysis was then applied to investigate the causal relationships among species functional traits,NDD and species abundance.Important Findings SEM showed that tree functional traits,including specific leaf area(SLA),leaf area(LA),leaf dry matter content(LDMC),leaf N content(LNC),maximum electron transport rate(ETRmax)and conspecific adult negative density dependence(CNDDadult),together explained 20%of the total variation in tree abundance.Specifically,SLA affected tree abundance both directly and indirectly via CNDDadult,with a totally negative influence on abundance.LDMC and LNC had only indirect effects mediated by CNDDadult on tree abundance.ETRmax and LA had directly negative effects on abundance,but their direct connections with CNDDaduIt were not observed.In addition,CNDDadult was negatively correlated with species abundance,indicating that abundant species are under stronger NDD.Among these investigated traits,SLA contributed the most to the variation in CNDDaduIt and abundance.We argued that our findings of trait-CNDDadult-abundance relationships can improve our understanding of the determinants of species commonness and rarity in forests.

Frequency-dependent flight activity in the colour polymorphic wood tiger moth

Predators efficiently learn to avoid one type of warning signal rather than several, making colour polymorphisms un- expected. Aposematic wood tiger moth males Parasemia plantaginis have either white or yellow hindwing coloration across Eu- rope. Previous studies indicate that yellow males are better defended from predators, while white males have a positively frequency-dependent mating advantage. However, the potential frequency-dependent behavioural differences in flight between the morphs, as well as the role of male-male interactions in inducing flying activity, have not been previously considered. We ran an outdoor cage experiment where proportions of both male morphs were manipulated to test whether flying activity was frequency- dependent and differed between morphs. The white morph was significantly more active than the yellow one across all treatments, and sustained activity for longer. Overall activity for both morphs was considerably lower in the yellow-biased environment, suggesting that higher proportions of yellow males in a population may lead to overall reduced flying activity. The activity of the yellow morph also followed a steeper, narrower curve than that of the white morph during peak female calling activity. We sug- gest that white males, with their presumably less costly defences, have more resources to invest in flight for predator escape and finding mates. Yellow males, which are better protected but less sexually selected, may instead compensate their lower flight ac- tivity by ＇flying smart＇ during the peak female-calling periods. Thus, both morphs may be able to behaviourally balance the trade-off between warning signal selection and sexual selection. Our results emphasize the greater need to investigate animal behaviour and colour polymorphisms in natural or semi-natural environments [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 765-772, 2015].

Effects of Ionic Dependence of DNA Persistence Length on the DNA Condensation at Room Temperature

DNA persistence length is a key parameter for quantitative interpretation of the conformational properties of DNA and related to the bending rigidity of DNA.A series of experiments pointed out that,in the DNA condensation process by multivalent cations,the condensed DNA takes elongated coil or compact globule states and the population of the compact globule states increases with an increase in ionic concentration.At the same time,single molecule experiments carried out in solution with multivalent cations(such as spermidine,spermine)indicated that DNA persistence length strongly depends on the ionic concentration.In order to revolve the effects of ionic concentration dependence of persistence length on DNA condensation,a model including the ionic concentration dependence of persistence length and strong correlation of multivalent cation on DNA is provided.The autocorrelation function of the tangent vectors is found as an effective way to detect the ionic concentration dependence of toroidal conformations.With an increase in ion concentration,the first periodic oscillation contained in the autocorrelation function shifts,the number of segment contained in the first periodic oscillation decreases gradually.According to the experiments,the average long-axis length is defined to estimate the ionic concentration dependence of condensation process further.The relation between long-axis length and ionic concentration matches the experimental results qualitatively.

The asymmetric relationships of the distribution of conspecific saplings and adults in forest fragments

Aims With the increase of land-use change,habitat fragmentation has become a major factor affecting plant diversity.Generally,when the adult density is high,the survival rate of conspecific saplings may decline and provide more resources and space for other species to maintain a high local species diversity.Therefore,the spatial relationship of conspecific saplings and adults(SRCSA)can regulate plant diversity.However,very few studies have assessed SRCSA within fragmented forests,and we still largely unknown the relationship between SRCSA and species diversity in fragmented landscapes.Methods We calculated the mean strength of SRCSA using the spatial distribution data of saplings and adults with a log-transformed hierarchical offset-power model on 27 islands in a land-bridge island system.The higher strength of SRCSA reflects a more negative relationship between the density of conspecific saplings and adults on an island(i.e.the looser pattern of SRCSA).We tested the relationships among island attributes(i.e.island area,the distance to the mainland—MD,and the distance to the nearest island—ND),SRCSA and species diversity.Important Findings The strength of SRCSA increased with ND.Meanwhile,the species diversity significantly increased with the strength of SRCSA,and island area and the strength of SRCSA independently explained 26%and 6%of variation of species diversity,respectively,and their interactions explained 8%.Shade-intolerant and low-abundant species showed looser patterns of SRCSA.Our study suggests that SRCSA may have the effect of excluding species with a relatively low abundance in isolated island forests,which illustrates the importance of biotic interactions in maintaining plant diversity in fragmented forests.Our results also emphasize that we should consider forest connectivity when testing the conspecific negative density dependence.