为探究现代工艺酿造的浓香型白酒不同馏分中各风味组分以及对应酒精度的馏出特性和相关性,以机械化酿造的34个不同馏分的浓香型原酒为研究对象,采用液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(liquid-liquid-extraction gas chromatography-mass,LLE-G...为探究现代工艺酿造的浓香型白酒不同馏分中各风味组分以及对应酒精度的馏出特性和相关性,以机械化酿造的34个不同馏分的浓香型原酒为研究对象,采用液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(liquid-liquid-extraction gas chromatography-mass,LLE-GC-MS)对样品风味物质进行定性定量分析,结合感官品评分析结果,进行了层次聚类热图分析,Pearson相关性分析以及正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA),建立了不同馏分酒精度变化的数学模型:C t=73.373-0.012e 0.007t,其中决定系数以及均方根误差均为0.997,表示模型拟合的效果非常好。通过总结馏出规律,可以很好地把34个馏分分为4个大类,其中馏分0~2为酒头,馏分3~12为头段酒,馏分13~26为中段酒,馏分27~33为酒尾。16种主要风味物质按照相关性分成了A、B两个大类,且2个类别之间存在着显著的负相关,A类物质随着馏分的馏出,含量逐渐降低,B类物质的趋势则完全相反。感官评定结果显示,头段酒的综合评价最好,酯香浓郁,窖香突出,糟味明显,口感谐调,而没有明显的尾味。该研究分别基于风味物质和酒精度建立了不同时间段馏分的分类模型,为浓香型白酒现代工艺的量质摘酒、分段摘酒提供了参考依据。展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to discuss the morphological differences of four carp populations.[Method] Based on traditional morphological data（including countable and measurable characters） and framework data,the morpho...[Objective] The aim was to discuss the morphological differences of four carp populations.[Method] Based on traditional morphological data（including countable and measurable characters） and framework data,the morphological differences and phylogenesis of Yellow River carp population（YR）,wild four-naris carp population（WF）,farmed four-naris carp population（FF） and carp population from Suzhou section of Wusong River（WR） were studied by means of multivariate analysis.[Result] There was no significant difference（P〉0.05） in countable characters among four carp populations.Discriminant analysis showed the discriminating accuracy of YR,WF,FF and WR population were 87.5%,78.1%,73.5% and 96.8% respectively,and the synthetic discriminating accuracy of four populations was up to 83.7%.In addition,cluster analysis revealed that YR population and WF population clustered together,while FF population and WR population clustered together.Principal component analysis indicated that the morphological differences among four populations mainly came from the head,tail and vertical axis of fish.[Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundations for the purification and rejuvenation of rare four-naris carp.展开更多
Fatty acids(FAs) provide energy and also can be used to trace trophic relationships among organisms.Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus goes into a state of aestivation during warm summer months.We examined fatty acid...Fatty acids(FAs) provide energy and also can be used to trace trophic relationships among organisms.Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus goes into a state of aestivation during warm summer months.We examined fatty acid profiles in aestivated and non-aestivated A.japonicus using multivariate analyses(PERMANOVA,MDS,ANOSIM,and SIMPER).The results indicate that the fatty acid profiles of aestivated and non-aestivated sea cucumbers differed significantly.The FAs that were produced by bacteria and brown kelp contributed the most to the differences in the fatty acid composition of aestivated and nonaestivated sea cucumbers.Aestivated sea cucumbers may synthesize FAs from heterotrophic bacteria during early aestivation,and long chain FAs such as eicosapentaenoic(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) that produced from intestinal degradation,are digested during deep aestivation.Specific changes in the fatty acid composition of A.japonicus during aestivation needs more detailed study in the future.展开更多
Often many variables have to be analyzed for their importance in terms of significant contribution and predictability in medical research. One of the possible analytical tools may be the Multiple Linear Regression Ana...Often many variables have to be analyzed for their importance in terms of significant contribution and predictability in medical research. One of the possible analytical tools may be the Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. However, research papers usually report both univariate and multivariate regression analyses of the data. The biostatistician sometimes faces practical difficulties while selecting the independent variables for logical inclusion in the multivariate analysis. The selection criteria for inclusion of a variable in the multivariate regression is that the variable at the univariate level should have a regression coefficient with p 〈 0.20. However, there is a chance that an independent variable with p 〉 0.20 at univariate regression may become significant in the multivariate regression analysis and vice versa, provided the above criteria is not strictly adhered to. We undertook both univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses on data from two multi-centric clinical trials. We recommend that there is no need to restrict the p value of 〈= 0.20. Because of high speed computer and availability of statistical software, the desired results could be achieved by considering all relevant independent variables in multivariate regression analysis.展开更多
Little studies and analysis have been undertaken to investigate the housing determinants of under-five mortality in Ethiopia. This study, therefore, explores the impacts of urban housing variables on the levels and pa...Little studies and analysis have been undertaken to investigate the housing determinants of under-five mortality in Ethiopia. This study, therefore, explores the impacts of urban housing variables on the levels and patterns of under-five mortality in the country based on the SPSS （Statistic Package for Social Science） file of the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey （EDHS）. This survey covered a sample of about 4,420 households/housing units of urban Ethiopia. The under-five deaths are computed for women in the age group 15-49 by subtracting the number of children living from children ever born （CEB） and established the proportion dead by dividing deaths by CEB corresponding to the categorical variables of housing structure, facilities, and household durables. The analytical techniques of the study included univariate, bivariate, and multivariate data analysis of the proportional variations of childhood mortality patterns being manifested by ＂bar graphs＂ with respect to housing situations as well as household durables. Amongst the categorical variables of the housing structures, facilities, and household durables with the highest no prevalence of under-five mortality levels are found to be the units of unconventional walls, thatched/leaf/reed roofing, animal dung flooring, shared pit latrine/use of bucket/bush, using kerosene, firewood/straw/charcoal for cooking, unconventional lighting, unprotected water supply, households with no durables.展开更多
文摘为探究现代工艺酿造的浓香型白酒不同馏分中各风味组分以及对应酒精度的馏出特性和相关性,以机械化酿造的34个不同馏分的浓香型原酒为研究对象,采用液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(liquid-liquid-extraction gas chromatography-mass,LLE-GC-MS)对样品风味物质进行定性定量分析,结合感官品评分析结果,进行了层次聚类热图分析,Pearson相关性分析以及正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA),建立了不同馏分酒精度变化的数学模型:C t=73.373-0.012e 0.007t,其中决定系数以及均方根误差均为0.997,表示模型拟合的效果非常好。通过总结馏出规律,可以很好地把34个馏分分为4个大类,其中馏分0~2为酒头,馏分3~12为头段酒,馏分13~26为中段酒,馏分27~33为酒尾。16种主要风味物质按照相关性分成了A、B两个大类,且2个类别之间存在着显著的负相关,A类物质随着馏分的馏出,含量逐渐降低,B类物质的趋势则完全相反。感官评定结果显示,头段酒的综合评价最好,酯香浓郁,窖香突出,糟味明显,口感谐调,而没有明显的尾味。该研究分别基于风味物质和酒精度建立了不同时间段馏分的分类模型,为浓香型白酒现代工艺的量质摘酒、分段摘酒提供了参考依据。
基金Supported by Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Resources of Inland Fisheries,Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesThree Projects for Fishery of Jiangsu Province(K2008-3)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to discuss the morphological differences of four carp populations.[Method] Based on traditional morphological data（including countable and measurable characters） and framework data,the morphological differences and phylogenesis of Yellow River carp population（YR）,wild four-naris carp population（WF）,farmed four-naris carp population（FF） and carp population from Suzhou section of Wusong River（WR） were studied by means of multivariate analysis.[Result] There was no significant difference（P〉0.05） in countable characters among four carp populations.Discriminant analysis showed the discriminating accuracy of YR,WF,FF and WR population were 87.5%,78.1%,73.5% and 96.8% respectively,and the synthetic discriminating accuracy of four populations was up to 83.7%.In addition,cluster analysis revealed that YR population and WF population clustered together,while FF population and WR population clustered together.Principal component analysis indicated that the morphological differences among four populations mainly came from the head,tail and vertical axis of fish.[Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundations for the purification and rejuvenation of rare four-naris carp.
基金Supported by the National Marine Public Welfare Research Project(No.201305043)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41106134)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(Nos.2011BAD13B02,2010BAC68B01)
文摘Fatty acids(FAs) provide energy and also can be used to trace trophic relationships among organisms.Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus goes into a state of aestivation during warm summer months.We examined fatty acid profiles in aestivated and non-aestivated A.japonicus using multivariate analyses(PERMANOVA,MDS,ANOSIM,and SIMPER).The results indicate that the fatty acid profiles of aestivated and non-aestivated sea cucumbers differed significantly.The FAs that were produced by bacteria and brown kelp contributed the most to the differences in the fatty acid composition of aestivated and nonaestivated sea cucumbers.Aestivated sea cucumbers may synthesize FAs from heterotrophic bacteria during early aestivation,and long chain FAs such as eicosapentaenoic(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) that produced from intestinal degradation,are digested during deep aestivation.Specific changes in the fatty acid composition of A.japonicus during aestivation needs more detailed study in the future.
文摘Often many variables have to be analyzed for their importance in terms of significant contribution and predictability in medical research. One of the possible analytical tools may be the Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. However, research papers usually report both univariate and multivariate regression analyses of the data. The biostatistician sometimes faces practical difficulties while selecting the independent variables for logical inclusion in the multivariate analysis. The selection criteria for inclusion of a variable in the multivariate regression is that the variable at the univariate level should have a regression coefficient with p 〈 0.20. However, there is a chance that an independent variable with p 〉 0.20 at univariate regression may become significant in the multivariate regression analysis and vice versa, provided the above criteria is not strictly adhered to. We undertook both univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses on data from two multi-centric clinical trials. We recommend that there is no need to restrict the p value of 〈= 0.20. Because of high speed computer and availability of statistical software, the desired results could be achieved by considering all relevant independent variables in multivariate regression analysis.
文摘Little studies and analysis have been undertaken to investigate the housing determinants of under-five mortality in Ethiopia. This study, therefore, explores the impacts of urban housing variables on the levels and patterns of under-five mortality in the country based on the SPSS （Statistic Package for Social Science） file of the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey （EDHS）. This survey covered a sample of about 4,420 households/housing units of urban Ethiopia. The under-five deaths are computed for women in the age group 15-49 by subtracting the number of children living from children ever born （CEB） and established the proportion dead by dividing deaths by CEB corresponding to the categorical variables of housing structure, facilities, and household durables. The analytical techniques of the study included univariate, bivariate, and multivariate data analysis of the proportional variations of childhood mortality patterns being manifested by ＂bar graphs＂ with respect to housing situations as well as household durables. Amongst the categorical variables of the housing structures, facilities, and household durables with the highest no prevalence of under-five mortality levels are found to be the units of unconventional walls, thatched/leaf/reed roofing, animal dung flooring, shared pit latrine/use of bucket/bush, using kerosene, firewood/straw/charcoal for cooking, unconventional lighting, unprotected water supply, households with no durables.
