基于多基频估计的多声部音乐和声自动编配算法

目前常规的和声自动编配方法主要通过对输入的旋律进行分析,从而提取出音高以及节奏的信息,并根据旋律的具体特点选择合适的和弦进行搭配,由于缺乏对音符矩阵的降维处理,导致编配效果不佳。对此,提出基于多基频估计的多声部音乐和声自动编配算法。首先基于琴键音色样本,训练出音色矩阵,并对其进行降维处理,求解出和声系数向量。然后通过构建三元和弦序列,采用音程差阈值对待编配的和弦序列进行提取,从而实现和弦识别。在此基础上将和声编配过程划分为不同阶段,对不同阶段的最优规划解进行求解,从而输出和声编配结果。在实验中,对提出的方法进行了编配效果的检验。最终的测试结果表明,采用本文提出的方法编配出的和声与作品原和声的拟合程度较高,具备较为理想的和声编配效果。

基于音色模型的多基频估计方法

为了有效解决复调音乐泛音重叠问题,提出了一种基于音色模型的多基频估计方法。分析了音色的时频特征,指出衰退和维持阶段的谐波结构稳定可靠、适合基频估计。根据谐波匹配率和强度筛选候选基频,采用频谱迭代删除的方法确定确切基频。依据最小谐波匹配率删减谱线,应用比例删除机制解决泛音重叠问题。仿真实验和实际乐曲测试结果表明,该方法精度高,可广泛应用于具有稳定谐波结构的音乐信号分析之中。

基于生成对抗网络去影像的多基频估计算法

多基频估计被广泛应用于音乐结构分析、乐音辅助教育、信息检索等各个领域。为了满足准确识别乐曲中随机和弦的需求,提出了基于生成对抗网络去影像的多基频估计算法。首先将完整音频切分成音符段,提出了一种谐音指纹图提取音符段频谱特征;然后通过卷积神经网络识别谐音指纹图当前的主导基频,将已识别出的主导基频作为干扰下一个基频识别的影像,并通过生成对抗网络去除干扰影像,对已去除干扰影像后的谐音指纹图进行新一轮的多基频估计;最后通过逐级迭代去影像操作实现完整和弦的多基频估计。对随机二音和弦及随机三音和弦组成的钢琴音频数据库进行实验,结果表明,所提算法与经典频谱迭代删除算法和大型词袋和弦识别算法相比,能够适应随机和弦的识别,在不同的音域范围内鲁棒性高,整体正确率有明显提升。

利用谐波显著度和语者音色特征的混合语音中目标人基频轨迹提取

从混合语音中提取出目标语者的基频轨迹,是语音监听、语音门禁、对话管理等应用的关键技术。为提高基频轨迹跟踪的准确率、增强抗八度误差的能力、降低系统复杂度,多基频估计以谐波乘积谱为核心,八度校正与基频分组均以元音段为基本单元,并结合了谐波显著度和语者音色特征。基于MIREX2005语音数据集的实验表明,MIREX的4种多基频估计性能指标均在75%以上,基频分组在混合语音中的判断准确率可达92%。

炉用磁控管的阳极电压电流波形与输出频谱特性

本文讨论两种不同整流电源(即半波倍压及全波整流不滤波电源)在不同负载情况下,微波炉用连续波磁控管阳极电压与阳极电流及输出频谱的各种波形,分析了不同电源时电流导通角及频谱的变化。提出了两种不同电源都具有不同于连续波及脉冲波的突特的多基频特性及其成因。

自动音乐标注系统综述

通过对大量文献资料的查询、阅读和分析,对自动音乐标注系统进行了详细的总结,内容包括自动音乐标注技术的概念和研究内容、系统结构和发展等,并详细总结了其中的关键技术:音符切分和多基频估计,最后对目前的自动音乐标注系统的优缺点进行了总结,并指出了未来该技术的发展方向。在资料整理过程中还发现这是国内外第一篇专门针对自动音乐标注系统进行的综述性文章,具有重要的参考价值。

基于非负矩阵分解的钢琴多音符估计

提出了一种基于能量谱包络非负矩阵分解的钢琴多音符估计算法。首先对钢琴88个单音片段进行RTFI时频分析,求得对应平均能量谱,经过时序平均、归一化求得平均能量谱包络,拼接成钢琴的单音能量谱包络基矩阵。之后对测试的多音片段,采用同样处理方法求得多音平均能量谱包络,通过非负矩阵分解求得各音符的权重系数,最后通过阈值限定求得多音符估计结果。性能评估实验基于MAPS数据集的UCHO集和RAND集展开,与MIREX中最好的钢琴音乐自动记谱系统相比,本文提出的钢琴多音符估计算法性能有很大幅度的提升。

基于基音跟踪的语音增强研究

在移动通信、语音识别、基于语音的语音交互等领域,采集的语音信号往往混杂具有谐波结构的噪声,因此语音增强都有非常重要的应用价值。语音的能量大部分集中在浊音段,浊音具有谐波结构。基于实际混合声音在时频域具有近似稀疏性特点,提出一种基于基音跟踪的语音增强算法,利用基音特征尽可能地恢复语音的谐波结构同时抑制噪声信号能量来达到提升语音信噪比的目的。首先对混合声音流进行切分、浊音段提取,接着对浊音段信号进行多基频提取,并利用维特比解码找出主导基频,使用BP神经网络对主导基频进行是否人声基频的判别,最后利用梳齿滤波器重构浊音段语音或抑制干扰音。仿真实验表明,算法能够从混有音乐和背景噪声的混合音频中提取语音,语音信噪比增益平均达8 dB。

3D heterogeneous integration of wideband RF chips using silicon-based adapter board technology

An ultra-wideband mixing component cascaded by a mixing multi-function chip and a frequency multiplier multi-function chip was demonstrated and implemented using 3D heterogeneous integration based on the silicon adapter board technology.Four layers of high-resistance silicon substrate stack packaging are implemented based on the wafer-level gold-gold bonding process.Each layer adopts though silicon via(TSV)technology to realize signal interconnection.A core monolithic integrated microwave chip(MMIC)is embedded in the silicon cavity,and the silicon-based filter is integrated with the high-resistance silicon substrate.The interconnect line,cavity and filter of the silicon-based adapter board are designed with AutoCAD,and HFSS is adopted for 3D electromagnetic field simulation.According to the measured results,the radio frequency(RF)of the mixing multi-function chip is 40-44 GHz and its intermediate frequency(IF)can cover the Ku band with a chip size of 10 mm×11 mm×1 mm.The multiplier multi-function chip operates at 16-20 GHz.The fundamental suppression is greater than 50 dB and the second harmonic suppression is better than 40 dB with a chip size of 8 mm×8 mm×1 mm.The cascaded fully assembled mixing component achieves a spur of better than-50 dBc and a gain of better than 15 dB.

Association between polymorphism rs6983267 and gastric cancer risk in Chinese population

AIM: To explore the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 8q24 and gastric cancer risk. METHODS: A case-control investigation including 212 gastric cancer patients and 377 healthy controls was conducted. The genotypes of SNPs (rs6983267, rs7008482 and rs10808555) were examined and established through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between SNPs and gastric cancer. RESULTS: The genotype frequencies of rs6983267 in gastric cancer patients were obviously different from those in the control (P = 0.005). GT genotype of rs6983267 was associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer compared with GG genotype (adjusted odds ratio = 2.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.28-3.14). Further stratified analysis indicated that rs6983267 GT genotype facilitated the risk of gastric cancer of non-cardiac and intestinal type (OR: 2.638, 95% CI: 1.464-4.753; OR: 1.916, 95% CI: 1.166-3.150, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates for the first time that rs6983267 is involved in susceptibility to gastric cancer, although further large-sample investigations are still needed.

Low Frequencies of CCR5-Δ32 and CCR5-m303,but High Frequencies of CCR2-641 and SDF1-3'A Alleles in Indigenous Ethnic Groups in China's Mainland

Objective: The aim in this study was to identify the allelicfrequencies of the chemokine (SDF1-3'A) and chemokinereceptor (CCR5△32, CCR5m303 and CCR2-64I) genesresistant to HIV-1 infection and/or disease progression inindigenous Chinese populations. Methods: By using QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit, thegenomic DNA samples were purified from whole peripheralblood of healthy individuals (n=2067) from Han, Uygur,Mongolian and Tibetan ethnic groups, as well as Han patientsincluding HIV-1 carriers (n=330), patients with other sexuallytransmitted diseases (STDs, n=259) and intravenous drugusers (IVDUs, n=125). The allelic polymorphisms wereidentified by means of PCR or PCR-RFLP analyses. Thesequences of randomly selected amplified PCR products werefurther confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. Results: The mutant frequencies were identified to be0%～3.48% for CCR5△32, 0% for CCR5m303,19.15%～28.79% for CCR2-64 and 19.10%～28.73% for SDF1-3'A alleles, respectively, in Chinese healthy individuals fromfour ethnic groups. Our findings indicated the allelicfrequencies vary among the different ethnic groups.Furthermore, the HIV-1 carriers, STD cases and IVDUs (all ofHan ethnicity) were found to have the allelic frequencies of0%～0.19% (CCR5△32), 0% (CCR5m303), 19.31%～20.45%(CCR2-64) and 25.61%～26.83% (SDF1-3'A) with minorvariations in their frequencies between the patients andhealthy Han groups. There was no CCR5-m303 mutationfound in any subject in this study. Conclusion: The examined subjects of four Chinese ethnicorigins showed lower frequencies of CCR5△32 andCCR5m303 alleles, but higher frequencies of mutant CCR2-64I and SDF1-3'A alleles compared to those identified innorthern-European and American Caucasians. Thesignificance of the different frequencies and polymorphisms ofthe above alleles in Chinese populations needs to be furtherexamined in HIV-1/AIDS diseases.

-449 C>G polymorphism of NFKB1 gene,coding nuclear factor-kappa-B,is associated with the susceptibility to ulcerative colitis

AIM:To clarify the association between a polymorphism-449 C>G(rs72696119) in 5'-UTR of NFKB1 with ulcerative colitis(UC).METHODS:The studied population comprised 639 subjects,including patients with UC(UC cases,n = 174) and subjects without UC(controls,n = 465).We employed polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism to detect the gene polymorphism.RESULTS:The rs72696119 G allele frequencies in controls and UC cases were 33.4% and 38.5%,respectively(P = 0.10).Genotype frequency of the GG homozygote in UC cases was significantly higher than that in controls(P = 0.017),and the GG homozygote was significantly associated with susceptibility to UC [odds ratio(OR),1.88;95%CI,1.13-3.14].In male subjects,the GG homozygote was associated with an increased risk for UC(OR,3.10;95%CI,1.47-6.54;P = 0.0053),whereas this association was not found in female subjects.In addition,the GG homozygote was significantly associated with the risk of non-continuous disease(OR,2.06;95%CI,1.12-3.79;P = 0.029),not having total colitis(OR,2.40;95%CI,1.09-3.80,P = 0.040),disease which developed before 20 years of age(OR,2.80;95%CI,1.07-7.32,P = 0.041),no hospitalization(OR,2.28;95%CI,1.29-4.05;P = 0.0090) and with a maximum of 8 or less on the UCDAI score(OR,2.45;95%CI,1.23-4.93;P = 0.022).CONCLUSION:Our results provide evidence that NFKB1 polymorphism rs72696119 was significantly associated with the development of UC.This polymorphism influences the susceptibility to and pathophysiological features of UC.

Coagulation factor Ⅶ gene polymorphisms are not associated with the occurrence or the survival of hepatocellular carcinoma:a report of 37 cases

Objective: Coagulation factor VII(FVII) triggers the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. In our previous study, we showed that FVII plays an important role in tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). However, the role of FVII polymorphism in HCC is still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between HCC carcinogenesis and single nucleotide polymorphism of FVII.Methods: Thirty-seven HCC patients and 30 healthy donors were recruited in this study. Four common FVII gene polymorphisms– a decanucleotide insertion at position –323(–323 ins10-bp), a G to T substitution at position –401(–401 G/T), a G to A substitution at position –402(–402 G/A), and a T to C substitution at position –122(–122 T/C) – were analyzed by sequencing or commercialized assays using genomic DNA isolated from blood samples. Clinicopathological parameters between control and HCC subjects were compared according to the specific genotypes.Results: The most common nucleotide variation was –402 G/A. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between healthy controls and HCC subjects for all four polymorphisms in terms of genotype distribution and allele frequencies,indicating that these polymorphisms may not affect HCC tumorigenesis. Furthermore, no association was found between–402 G/A polymorphisms and tumor stage, recurrence, and overall survival.Conclusions: Our results indicate that FVII polymorphisms may not be a key factor that clinically impact tumorigenesis and outcomes of HCC, although further investigations should be conducted to confirm our findings.

Best Effort Spectrum Allocation Scheme for Femtocell Networks in Dense Deployment

In orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) based femtocell networks,the co-tier interference among femto base stations(FBS) becomes important in multiuser and densely deployed environment.In order to mitigate the co-tier interference and enhance the system total throughput,this paper proposed a best effort spectrum allocation scheme based on the extension of graph theory.In the scheme,a controller was proposed to collect the channel state information(CSI)of all femtocell user equipments(FUEs) in a certain range.Then,the controller evaluated the signal-to-interference Ratio(SIR) of each FUE and determined the set of its interference neighbors.By calculating the received power matrix(RPM) among FUEs and building interference graph matrix(IGM),different spectrum resource blocks(RBs) were assigned to the users with interference relation,while users without interference relation shared the same RBs,which could increase the spectrum efficiency.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the RB usage efficiency compared with the basic graph coloring theory,and more than 80% improvement can be acquired in dense deployment scenario.Besides,the throughput of both cell edge macro user equipments(MUEs) and cell edge FUEs is guaranteed on the premise of low interference.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CDH17 gene of colorectal carcinoma

AIM:To investigate the relationship between c.343A>G and c.2216A>C polymorphism sites in the CDH17 gene and colorectal carcinoma.METHODS:Ninety-three non-consanguineous colorectal carcinoma patients admitted to the Department of Oncology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were included in this study.Ninety-three peripheral venous blood samples,of approximately one milliliter from each patient,were collected betweenDecember 2009 and August 2010.The genomic DNA of these peripheral venous blood samples were extracted and purified using a Fermentas Genomic DNA Purification Kit(Fermentas,CA) according to the manufacturer' s protocol.The single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) of the liver-intestine cadherin(CDH17) gene c.343A>G and c.2216A>C were determined by the polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism method(PCR-SSCP) in 93 peripheral venous blood samples from patients suffering with colorectal carcinoma.Typical samples that showed different migration bands in SSCP were confirmed by sequencing.Directed DNA sequencing was used to check the correctness of the genotype results from the PCR-SSCP method.RESULTS:There was a significant association between the c.2216 A>C SNPs of the CDH17 gene and the tumor-node-metastasis(TNM) grade,as well as with lymph node status,in 93 peripheral venous blood samples from colorectal carcinoma patients.The genotype frequencies of A/C,A/A,and C/C were 12.90%,33.33% and 53.76%,respectively.There was a significant correlation between lymph node metastasis,TNM grade,and the genotype distribution(P < 0.05).The C/C genotype raised the risk of lymph node metastasis and the TNM grade.There was a significant difference in the TNM grade and lymph node metastasis between the A/A and C/C genotypes(P = 0.003 and P = 0.013,respectively).Patients with colorectal carcinoma carrying the C allele tended to have a higher risk of lymph node metastasis and have a higher TNM grade.The difference between the TNM grades,as well as the lymph node metastasis of the two alleles,was statistically significant(P < 0.01).CONCLUSION:The SNPs of the CDH17 gene c.2216 A>C might be clinically important in the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma.

Functional Variant of C-689T in the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ2 Promoter is Associated with Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese Nondiabetic Han People

Objective To investigate the association between the polymorphism of C-689T in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 （PPARγ2） promoter and coronary heart disease （CHD）. Methods This case-controlled study was conducted in nondiabetic Chinese Han people, which enrolled 455 patients with CHD （cases） and 693 subjects without CHD （controls）. Data of clinical indexes were collected, including height, body weight, waist circumstance, systolic blood pressure （SBP）, diastolic blood pressure （DBP）, smoking, drinking, physical activity, as well as body mass index （BMI）. Fasting blood glucose （FBG）, plasma total cholesterol （TC） and triglyceride （TG） levels were measured. Polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragments length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） was used to determine the PPARγ2 promoter C-689→T substitution. The genotype distribution of PPARγ2 promoter C-689T, allelic frequency, clinical indexes, and laboratorial measurements were compared between the two groups. The effect of genotype on the risk of CHD was assessed using univariate and multivariate regression model. Results The genotype frequencies of CC, CT and TT in PPARγ2 promoter C-689T were 89.7%, 9.9% and 0.4% in the case group, and 93.1%, 6.6% and 0.3% in the control group, respectively （CC vs. CT＋TT, χ^2= 6.243, P=0.041）. Carriers of -689T allele （n=95） had significantly higher TC level than non-carriers （n=1053） （5.12±1.26 vs. 4.76±1.22 mmol/L, P=0.001）. Male carriers of -689T allele （n=51） were significantly higher in waist circumference, body weight, TC and TG than male non-carriers （n=656） （all P〈0.05）. In subjects whose BMI was over 25 kg/m2, carriers of -689T allele （n=82） had significantly higher levels of waist circumference, BMI, SBP and TC than non-carriers （n=231） （all p〈0.05）. The -689T allele was an independent risk factor for CHD （OR=1.668, 95%CI： 1.031-2.705, P=0.037） after adjusting for age, gender, waist circumference, body weight, BMI, smoking, physical activities, SBP, DBP, FBG, TC and TG level. Conclusion These data support the hypothesis that the -689T allele is associated with an increased risk of CHD, in Chinese Han people and correlates significantly with the profiles of CHD-related risk factors.

Ku80 gene G-1401T promoter polymorphism and risk of gastric cancer

AIM:To evaluate the possible relationship between the Ku80 gene polymorphism and the risk of gastric cancer in China.METHODS:In this hospital-based case-control study of gastric cancer in Jiangsu Province,China,we investigated the association of the Ku80 G-1401T (rs828907) polymorphism with gastric cancer risk.A total of 241 patients with gastric cancer and 273 age-and sexmatched control subjects were genotyped and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.RESULTS:The frequencies of genotypes GG,GT and TT were 65.6%,22.8% and 11.6% in gastric cancer cases,respectively,and 75.8%,17.6% and 6.6% in controls,respectively.There were significant differences between gastric cancer and control groups in the distribution of their genotypes (P=0.03) and allelic frequencies (P=0.002) in the Ku80 promoter G-1401T polymorphism.CONCLUSION:The T allele of Ku80 G-1401T may be associated with the development of gastric cancer.

Multidrug resistance protein 3 R652G may reduce susceptibility to idiopathic infant cholestasis

AIM:To evaluate the role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of idiopathic infant cholestasis.METHODS:We performed a case-control study,in-cluding 78 infants with idiopathic infant cholestasis and 113 healthy infants as controls.Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral venous blood leukocytes us-ing phenol chloroform methodology.Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the multidrug resistance protein 3(MDR3)R652G fragment,and products were sequenced using the ABI 3100 Sequencer.RESULTS:The R652G single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)was significantly more frequent in healthy infants(allele frequency 8.0%)than in patients(allele frequency 2.60%)(P < 0.05),odds ratio,0.29;95% confidence interval,0.12-0.84.The conjugated bilirubin in patients with the AG genotype was significantly lower than in those with the AA genotype(44.70 ± 6.15 μmol/L vs 95.52 ± 5.93 μmol/L,P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:MDR3 R652G is negatively correlated with idiopathic infant cholestasis.Children with the R652G SNP in Guangxi of China may have reduced susceptibility to infant intrahepatic cholestasis.

Genetic Association Study of KCNB1 Gene with the Susceptibility of Hypertension Related LVH （Left Ventricular Hypertrophy） Patients in Malaysia

LVH （Left ventricular hypertrophy） is an independent risk factor for the development of heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and stroke. A recent genome-wide association study reported the involvement of a candidate gene namely KCNBI in mechanism for development of LVH in hypertension. This study aimed to replicate the finding by investigating the genetic association of KCNBI gene among the hypertensive LVH patients from Malaysia. We genotyped a SNP （single nucleotide polymorphism） located in KCNBI namely, rs6063397 among 200 subjects consisting of61 LVH and 139 non LVH patients using Sanger sequencing method. Statistical analysis revealed no significant association between the L VH susceptibility between the allele and genotype frequencies （P = 0.2719 and 0.4768, respectively）. This finding suggests that KCNBI may not playa role in LVH susceptibility in hypertensive patients in Southeast Asian populations.

Polymorphisms of clip domain serine proteinase and serine proteinase homolog in the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus andtheir associationwith Vibrio alginolyticus

Clip domain serine proteases （cSPs） and their homologs （SPHs） play an important role in various biological processes that are essential components of extracellular signaling cascades, especially in the innate immune responses of invertebrates. Here, polymorphisms of PtcSP and PtSPH from the swimming crab Portunus tritubereulatus were investigated to explore their association with resistance/ susceptibility to Vibrio alginolyticus. Polymorphic loci were identified using Clustal X, and characterized with SPSS 16.0 software, and then the significance of genotype and allele frequencies between resistant and susceptible stocks was determined by a Zz test. A total of 109 and 77 single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） were identified in the genomic fragments of PtcSP and PtSPH, respectively. Notably, nearly half of PtSPH polymorphisms were found in the non-coding exon 1. Fourteen SNPs investigated were significantly associated with susceptibility/resistance to I1. alginolyticus （P〈0.05）. Among them, eight SNPs were observed in introns, and one synonymous, four non-synonymous SNPs and one ins-del were found in coding exons. In addition, five simple sequence repeats （SSRs） were detected in intron 3 of PtcSP. Although there was no statistically significant difference of allele frequencies, the SSRs showed different polymorphic alleles on the basis of the repeat number between resistant and susceptible stocks. After fiarther validation, polymorphisms investigated here might be applied to select potential molecular markers ofP. trituberculatus with resistance to I1. alginolyticus.