This paper considers the problem of time varying congestion pricing to determine optimal time-varying tolls at peak periods for a queuing network with the interactions between buses and private cars.Through the combin...This paper considers the problem of time varying congestion pricing to determine optimal time-varying tolls at peak periods for a queuing network with the interactions between buses and private cars.Through the combined applications of the space-time expanded network（STEN） and the conventional network equilibrium modeling techniques,a multi-class,multi-mode and multi-criteria traffic network equilibrium model is developed.Travelers of different classes have distinctive value of times（VOTs）,and travelers from the same class perceive their travel disutility or generalized costs on a route according to different weights of travel time and travel costs.Moreover,the symmetric cost function model is extended to deal with the interactions between buses and private cars.It is found that there exists a uniform（anonymous） link toll pattern which can drive a multi-class,multi-mode and multi-criteria user equilibrium flow pattern to a system optimum when the system＇s objective function is measured in terms of money.It is also found that the marginal cost pricing models with a symmetric travel cost function do not reflect the interactions between traffic flows of different road sections,and the obtained congestion pricing toll is smaller than the real value.展开更多
In order to utilize integrated passive technology in printed circuit boards （PCBs）, manufacturing processing for integrated resistors by lamination method was investigated. Integrated resistors fabricated from Ohmeg...In order to utilize integrated passive technology in printed circuit boards （PCBs）, manufacturing processing for integrated resistors by lamination method was investigated. Integrated resistors fabricated from Ohmega technologies in the experiment were 1 408 pieces per panel with four different patterns A, B, C and D and four resistance values of 25, 50, 75 and 100 fL Six panel per batch and four batches were performed totally. The testing was done for 960 pieces of integrated resistors randomly selected with the same size. The value distribution ranges and the relative standard deviation （RSD） show that the scatter degree of the resistance decreases with the resistor size increasing and/or with the resistance increasing. Patterns D with resistance of 75 and 100% for four patterns have the resistance value variances less than 10%. Patterns C and D with resistance of 100 Ω have the manufacturing tolerance less than 10%. The process capabilities are from about 0.6 to 1.6 for the designed testing patterns, which shows that the integrated resistors fabricated have the potential to be used in multilayer PCBs in the future.展开更多
By introducing the Lucas-Riccati method and a linear variable separation method, new variable separation solutions with arbitrary functions are derived for a （2＋1）-dimensional modified dispersive water-wave system....By introducing the Lucas-Riccati method and a linear variable separation method, new variable separation solutions with arbitrary functions are derived for a （2＋1）-dimensional modified dispersive water-wave system. The main idea of this method is to express the solutions of this system as polynomials in the solution of the Riecati equation that the symmetrical Lucas functions satisfy. From the variable separation sohition and by selecting appropriate functions, some novel Jacobian elliptic wave structure with variable modulus and their interactions with dromions and peakons are investigated.展开更多
In this paper, the effects of different Cd Cl2 annealing methods, including vapor annealing and dip-coating annealing, on the performance of Cd S/Cd Te polycrystalline thin-film solar cells are studied. After annealin...In this paper, the effects of different Cd Cl2 annealing methods, including vapor annealing and dip-coating annealing, on the performance of Cd S/Cd Te polycrystalline thin-film solar cells are studied. After annealing, the samples are lightly etched with 1% bromine in methanol to remove surface oxides. Both annealing methods give Cd Te polycrystalline thin films with good crystallinity and complete structure. For solar cells containing the annealed Cd Te films, cell efficiency first increases and then decreases as the concentration of Cd Cl2 solution used for dip-coating annealing increases, and the optimized Cd Cl2 concentration is 12%. The uniformity of the performance of all cells is analyzed by calculating the relative standard deviation for each parameter. The uniformity of cell performance can be improved dramatically by dip-coating annealing instead of vapor annealing. Most notably, an appropriate concentration of Cd Cl2(12%) acts as a protective layer that is conducive to realizing uniform high-performance Cd S/Cd Te solar cells. According to the location of depletion regions, the Cd Te films treated by dip-coating annealing show a relatively low doping concentration, except for the sample treated with a Cd Cl2 concentration of 6%, which is consistent with the changes of short-circuit current density of the cells. It is believed that these results can be applied to the large-scale production of Cd Te polycrystalline thin-film solar cells.展开更多
基金The National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. 2007AA11Z202)the National Key Technology R & D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan Period(No. 2006BAJ18B03)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. DUT10RC(3) 112)
文摘This paper considers the problem of time varying congestion pricing to determine optimal time-varying tolls at peak periods for a queuing network with the interactions between buses and private cars.Through the combined applications of the space-time expanded network（STEN） and the conventional network equilibrium modeling techniques,a multi-class,multi-mode and multi-criteria traffic network equilibrium model is developed.Travelers of different classes have distinctive value of times（VOTs）,and travelers from the same class perceive their travel disutility or generalized costs on a route according to different weights of travel time and travel costs.Moreover,the symmetric cost function model is extended to deal with the interactions between buses and private cars.It is found that there exists a uniform（anonymous） link toll pattern which can drive a multi-class,multi-mode and multi-criteria user equilibrium flow pattern to a system optimum when the system＇s objective function is measured in terms of money.It is also found that the marginal cost pricing models with a symmetric travel cost function do not reflect the interactions between traffic flows of different road sections,and the obtained congestion pricing toll is smaller than the real value.
基金Project(041010) supported by Start-Up Foundation of Northwest University,ChinaProject(UIT/39) supported by University-Industry Collaboration Program from the Innovation and Technology Fund of Hong Kong,China
文摘In order to utilize integrated passive technology in printed circuit boards （PCBs）, manufacturing processing for integrated resistors by lamination method was investigated. Integrated resistors fabricated from Ohmega technologies in the experiment were 1 408 pieces per panel with four different patterns A, B, C and D and four resistance values of 25, 50, 75 and 100 fL Six panel per batch and four batches were performed totally. The testing was done for 960 pieces of integrated resistors randomly selected with the same size. The value distribution ranges and the relative standard deviation （RSD） show that the scatter degree of the resistance decreases with the resistor size increasing and/or with the resistance increasing. Patterns D with resistance of 75 and 100% for four patterns have the resistance value variances less than 10%. Patterns C and D with resistance of 100 Ω have the manufacturing tolerance less than 10%. The process capabilities are from about 0.6 to 1.6 for the designed testing patterns, which shows that the integrated resistors fabricated have the potential to be used in multilayer PCBs in the future.
文摘By introducing the Lucas-Riccati method and a linear variable separation method, new variable separation solutions with arbitrary functions are derived for a （2＋1）-dimensional modified dispersive water-wave system. The main idea of this method is to express the solutions of this system as polynomials in the solution of the Riecati equation that the symmetrical Lucas functions satisfy. From the variable separation sohition and by selecting appropriate functions, some novel Jacobian elliptic wave structure with variable modulus and their interactions with dromions and peakons are investigated.
基金supported by the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China("863"Project)(Grant No.2011AA050515)Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program(Grant No.2013GZX0145)very grateful for funding from China Scholarship Council(CSC)
文摘In this paper, the effects of different Cd Cl2 annealing methods, including vapor annealing and dip-coating annealing, on the performance of Cd S/Cd Te polycrystalline thin-film solar cells are studied. After annealing, the samples are lightly etched with 1% bromine in methanol to remove surface oxides. Both annealing methods give Cd Te polycrystalline thin films with good crystallinity and complete structure. For solar cells containing the annealed Cd Te films, cell efficiency first increases and then decreases as the concentration of Cd Cl2 solution used for dip-coating annealing increases, and the optimized Cd Cl2 concentration is 12%. The uniformity of the performance of all cells is analyzed by calculating the relative standard deviation for each parameter. The uniformity of cell performance can be improved dramatically by dip-coating annealing instead of vapor annealing. Most notably, an appropriate concentration of Cd Cl2(12%) acts as a protective layer that is conducive to realizing uniform high-performance Cd S/Cd Te solar cells. According to the location of depletion regions, the Cd Te films treated by dip-coating annealing show a relatively low doping concentration, except for the sample treated with a Cd Cl2 concentration of 6%, which is consistent with the changes of short-circuit current density of the cells. It is believed that these results can be applied to the large-scale production of Cd Te polycrystalline thin-film solar cells.
