Polynitrogen heterocycles are readily available and have recently arisen as versatile synthons for the formation of various C-C and C-X bonds,and medicinally active nitrogen-containing heterocycles.Several cascade rea...Polynitrogen heterocycles are readily available and have recently arisen as versatile synthons for the formation of various C-C and C-X bonds,and medicinally active nitrogen-containing heterocycles.Several cascade reactions,including annulation,radical cascade,and borylation reactions,have been reported in which polynitrogen heterocycles are applied as arylation reagents.The success of these exceptional reactions illustrates the great synthetic potential of polynitrogen heterocycles,which provides a direct and useful approach to arylation reactions and the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles.The use of photocatalysts to effectively transfer energy from visible light to non-absorbing compounds has gained increasing attention as this method allows for the mild and efficient generation of radicals in a controlled manner.This approach has thus led to new methods that involve unique bond formation reactions.In addition,the use of free radical intermediates stabilized by transition metal catalysts is a powerful way to construct new chemical bonds.The aim of this review is to highlight the rapidly expanding area of radical-initiated denitrogenative cascade reactions of polynitrogen heterocycles and elaborate on their mechanisms from a new perspective by using photocatalysis and metal-based catalysis.展开更多
To solve the problem of strong nonlinear and motion model switching of maneuvering target tracking system in clutter environment, a novel maneuvering multi-target tracking algorithm based on multiple model particle fi...To solve the problem of strong nonlinear and motion model switching of maneuvering target tracking system in clutter environment, a novel maneuvering multi-target tracking algorithm based on multiple model particle filter is presented in this paper. The algorithm realizes dynamic combination of multiple model particle filter and joint probabilistic data association algorithm. The rapid expan- sion of computational complexity, caused by the simple combination of the interacting multiple model algorithm and particle filter is solved by introducing model information into the sampling process of particle state, and the effective validation and utilization of echo is accomplished by the joint proba- bilistic data association algorithm. The concrete steps of the algorithm are given, and the theory analysis and simulation results show the validity of the method.展开更多
In this paper,a local-learning algorithm for multi-agent is presented based on the fact that individual agent performs local perception and local interaction under group environment.As for in-dividual-learning,agent a...In this paper,a local-learning algorithm for multi-agent is presented based on the fact that individual agent performs local perception and local interaction under group environment.As for in-dividual-learning,agent adopts greedy strategy to maximize its reward when interacting with envi-ronment.In group-learning,local interaction takes place between each two agents.A local-learning algorithm to choose and modify agents' actions is proposed to improve the traditional Q-learning algorithm,respectively in the situations of zero-sum games and general-sum games with unique equi-librium or multi-equilibrium.And this local-learning algorithm is proved to be convergent and the computation complexity is lower than the Nash-Q.Additionally,through grid-game test,it is indicated that by using this local-learning algorithm,the local behaviors of agents can spread to globe.展开更多
The complexity of the physical demands of soccer requires the completion of a multi-component training programme. The development, planning, and implementation of such a programme are difficult due partly to the pract...The complexity of the physical demands of soccer requires the completion of a multi-component training programme. The development, planning, and implementation of such a programme are difficult due partly to the practical constraints related to the competitive schedule at the top level. The effective planning and organisation of training are therefore crucial to the effective delivery of the training stimulus for both individual players and the team. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the principles of training that can be used to prepare players for the physical demands of soccer. Information relating to periodisation is supported by an outline of the strategies used to deliver the acute training stress in a soccer environment. The importance of monitoring to support the planning process is also reviewed.展开更多
文摘Polynitrogen heterocycles are readily available and have recently arisen as versatile synthons for the formation of various C-C and C-X bonds,and medicinally active nitrogen-containing heterocycles.Several cascade reactions,including annulation,radical cascade,and borylation reactions,have been reported in which polynitrogen heterocycles are applied as arylation reagents.The success of these exceptional reactions illustrates the great synthetic potential of polynitrogen heterocycles,which provides a direct and useful approach to arylation reactions and the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles.The use of photocatalysts to effectively transfer energy from visible light to non-absorbing compounds has gained increasing attention as this method allows for the mild and efficient generation of radicals in a controlled manner.This approach has thus led to new methods that involve unique bond formation reactions.In addition,the use of free radical intermediates stabilized by transition metal catalysts is a powerful way to construct new chemical bonds.The aim of this review is to highlight the rapidly expanding area of radical-initiated denitrogenative cascade reactions of polynitrogen heterocycles and elaborate on their mechanisms from a new perspective by using photocatalysis and metal-based catalysis.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （60634030）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （60702066, 6097219） and the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province （092300410158）.
文摘To solve the problem of strong nonlinear and motion model switching of maneuvering target tracking system in clutter environment, a novel maneuvering multi-target tracking algorithm based on multiple model particle filter is presented in this paper. The algorithm realizes dynamic combination of multiple model particle filter and joint probabilistic data association algorithm. The rapid expan- sion of computational complexity, caused by the simple combination of the interacting multiple model algorithm and particle filter is solved by introducing model information into the sampling process of particle state, and the effective validation and utilization of echo is accomplished by the joint proba- bilistic data association algorithm. The concrete steps of the algorithm are given, and the theory analysis and simulation results show the validity of the method.
文摘In this paper,a local-learning algorithm for multi-agent is presented based on the fact that individual agent performs local perception and local interaction under group environment.As for in-dividual-learning,agent adopts greedy strategy to maximize its reward when interacting with envi-ronment.In group-learning,local interaction takes place between each two agents.A local-learning algorithm to choose and modify agents' actions is proposed to improve the traditional Q-learning algorithm,respectively in the situations of zero-sum games and general-sum games with unique equi-librium or multi-equilibrium.And this local-learning algorithm is proved to be convergent and the computation complexity is lower than the Nash-Q.Additionally,through grid-game test,it is indicated that by using this local-learning algorithm,the local behaviors of agents can spread to globe.
文摘The complexity of the physical demands of soccer requires the completion of a multi-component training programme. The development, planning, and implementation of such a programme are difficult due partly to the practical constraints related to the competitive schedule at the top level. The effective planning and organisation of training are therefore crucial to the effective delivery of the training stimulus for both individual players and the team. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the principles of training that can be used to prepare players for the physical demands of soccer. Information relating to periodisation is supported by an outline of the strategies used to deliver the acute training stress in a soccer environment. The importance of monitoring to support the planning process is also reviewed.
