基于带权重多样例学习的视觉跟踪算法

原始在线加权的多示例学习跟踪假设每个示例是独立且在包中的贡献均相同,同时为所有正样本赋予相同的权重,这不符合"包中的示例与目标位置的远近,对目标贡献程度是不一样"的事实.再加上原始算法采取单一特征无法准确和全面地表示目标包中所包含的示例,从而影响了跟踪算法的鲁棒性.针对原始算法的这些问题,提出一种基于带权重多样例学习的视觉跟踪方法.该方法同时融合多特征(HOG特征和Haar特征),在多示例学习框架下同时训练分类器,并通过样本特征相似度的比较来赋予不同的权重.对不同场景的图像序列进行实验,通过在公共测试集上与多种主流算法做对比,显示这样得到的目标外表模型对于前景和背景具有更高的区分能力.结果表明:该算法具有更高的准确性和更强的适应性,可以有效克服传统多示例学习中的分类器退化问题.

一种基于多样例的三维颅骨缺失修补方法

针对刑侦及考古中的遗骨经常存在缺损的问题,提出一种基于多样例的三维颅骨缺失修补方法。构建三维颅骨样本库,并通过配准算法对所有样本进行规格化处理;利用同样的配准算法根据待修补颅骨的缺失情况把样本库中的每个样本对应地分为存留和缺失两部分数据;通过回归算法获得两部分数据之间的函数关系;利用该函数关系计算待修补颅骨的缺失数据,并通过拼接融合得到最终的结果。实验结果表明,该方法能有效修补大、小缺失,同时保留原模型的所有特征;此外,避免了现有基于样例方法带个性特征的缺陷,修补误差更小。

FPGA技术在核电站多样性系统中的应用技术研究

针对基于CPU技术的数字化核电仪控系统存在共因故障的缺陷。将FPGA技术引入到核电站多样性系统中,使其成为保护系统的后备系统。考虑到FPGA技术和CPU技术在运行机制上有很大的区别,进一步提出FPGA技术应用于多样性系统的关键问题和解决方法。分析结果验证了该应用的正确性和可行性,表明了FPGA技术必将成为核电站DCS行业发展方向。

Mitigating People-Park Conflicts on Resource Use through Ecotourism:A Case of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve,Indian Himalaya

Eeotourism aims to deliver the philosophy of sustainable development through environmental conservation as well as socio-economic development. Areas with rich biodiversity and scenic beauty, like the Indian Himalayan region, have been one of the major destination centers for nature lovers from historical time. In view of conserving the rich biodiversity and natural heritage of the Himalayan region 92 protected areas have been set aside, of these Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve （NDBR） is a well known world heritage site. Over a period of time establishing NDBR has invited conficts between the local people and reserve authorities on the management approaches and utilization criteria of the natural resources, especially banning the traditional bio-resource collection rights of local community, expeditions, trekking, and other anthropogenic activities in the core zones. The present study aims to understand and analyze the various people - park conflicts, and also to suggest ways to mitigate such conflicts in view of biodiversity conservation and improvement of economic status of local people by promoting eeotourism. With this view the study further discusses the various aspects of eeotourism, its pros and cons, and the avenues of developing appropriate strategies for promotion of ecotourism in buffer zone areas of NDBR.

A case of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma forming multiple lymphomatous polyposis in the small intestine

A 50-year old woman suffering from diabetes had a CT scan that revealed a diffuse thickening of small intestinal wall and swollen paraaortic lymph nodes. An esophago gastroduodenoscopy (EGD) confirmed multiple polypoid lesions in the duodenum and small intestine, and conventional histological testing revealed non-specific inflammatory changes. Further examinations including the immunohistochemical profiles of the biopsied specimens led us to diagnose the lesion as a marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type, forming multiple lymphomatous polyposis sequentially spreading from duodenal bulb to terminal ileum. According to Lugano’s classification, its staging was clinically diagnosed as stage Ⅱ. Two courses of a standard CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, and predonisolone) regimen with rituximab reduced the lesion and the patient had a almost complete response. A 5-year follow- up EGD and histological examinations detected no recurrence of the disease.

The Challenge of Crafting Institutions for the Commons： The Case of Community Forestry Support Programs in Mexico 2003-2008

Mexico forest tenure structure is known worldwide for its progressive approach of giving local communities full property rights to set a robust support to sustainable livelihoods in forested areas. Most forest areas in Mexico are owned by local communities either through the ejido, agrarian indigenous community or groups of small owners. In the last 30 years, many forest communities explored forest production at a commercial scale, creating their own communal forestry business and concurring to national markets with their timber and non-timber products. The socio-economical impacts of this approach were tremendous, steadily improving communities living standards. This success prompted rural organizations to ask the Mexican government to launch programs to expand the ＂community forestry＂ model. With international assistance from the World Bank and other agencies, the government of Mexico launched three different programs to foster forest commons： the Forest Conservation and Management Program, the Indigenous, Communities and Biodiversity Project and the Mexican part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. Performance of these programs has been assessed through the World Bank evaluation framework, but the question about their environmental impact or even about their environmental sustainability and therefore their validity as national policies has been scantily explored and practically not debated. To contribute to answering these questions, the author made an extensive analysis of their impact over forest cover during the 2003-2008 period using land cover maps and correlated them with institutional development variables, building a social organization and collective action index （SOCAI）, following Elinor Ostrom institutional analysis and development framework （lAD）.

Diversity and Board Effectiveness： A Case of India

A number of research studies have dealt with the relationship between diversity and effectiveness of corporate boards. The present paper makes an attempt to provide an international perspective on diversity and effectiveness of corporate boards and examines such relationship in detail in the case of India. The paper presents the theory relating to diversity and board effectiveness with particular reference to women on boards. The position of diversity as related to the boards of National Stock Exchange （NSE） listed 511 companies and the 245 state-owned enterprises （SOEs） by the Government of India （GoI） is reflected in the paper. It then examines gender diversity specifically in the case of India and Singapore. Drawing from the evidence of diversity in the case of global companies, it offers the rationale for making boards global in composition and character. The paper highlights an interestiiag issue： whether the boards should have younger or veteran members？ This follows a discussion on diversity of boards in terms of skills, age, and personalities. Finally, the paper makes suggestions for balance boards to enhance their effectiveness and brings out lessons for the corporate organizations to promote diversity of their boards.

Mapping Detailed Soil Property Using Small Scale Soil Type Maps and Sparse Typical Samples

Soil type maps at the scale of I Z 1 000 000 are used extensively to provide soil spatial distribution information for soil erosion assessment and watershed management models in China. However, the soil property maps produced through conventional direct linking method usually suffer low accuracy as well as the lack of spatial details within a soil type polygon. This paper presents an effective method to produce detailed soil property map based on representative samples which were extracted from each polygon on the 1 ： 1 000 000 soil type map. The representative sample of each polygon is defined as the location that can represent the largest area within the polygon. The representativeness of a candidate sample is determined by calculating the soil-forming environment condition similarities between the sample and other locations. Once the representative sample of each polygon has been chosen, the property values of the existing typical samples are assigned to the corresponding representative samples with the same soil type. Finally, based on these representative samples, the detailed soil property map could be produced by using existing digital soil mapping methods. The case study in XuanCheng City, Anhui Province of China, demonstrated the proposed method could produce soil property map at a higher level of spatial details and accuracy： 1） The soil organic matter （SOM） map produced based on the representative samples can not only depict the detailed spatial distribution of SOM within a soil type polygon but also largely reduce the abrupt change of soil property at the boundaries of two adjacent polygons. 2） The Root Mean Squared Error （RMSE） of the SOM map based on the representative samples is 1.61, and it is 1.37 for the SOM map produced by using conventional direct linking method. Therefore, the proposed method is an effective approach to produce spatial detailed soil property map with higher accuracy for environment simulation models.

Genetic Variation Assessed with Microsatellites in Mass Selection Lines of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in China

Abstract Four successive mass selection lines of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, selected for faster growth in breeding pro- grams in China were examined at ten polymorphic microsatellite loci to assess the level of allelic diversity and estimate the effective population size. These data were compared with those of their base population. The results showed that the genetic variation of the four generations were maintained at high levels with an average allelic richness of 18.8-20.6, and a mean expected heterozygosity of 0.902-0.921. They were not reduced compared with those of their base population. Estimated effective population sizes based on temporal variances in microsatellite frequencies were smaller to that of sex ratio-corrected broodstock count estimates. Using a rela- tively large number ofbroodstock and keeping an equal sex ratio in the broodstock each generation may have contributed to retaining the original genetic diversity and maintaining relatively large effective population size. The results obtained in this study showed that the genetic variation was not affected greatly by mass selection progress and high genetic variation still existed in the mass selection lines, suggesting that there is still potential for increasing the gains in future generations of C. gigas. The present study provided im- portant information for future genetic improvement by selective breeding, and for the design of suitable management guidelines for genetic breeding of C. gigas.

Assessment of parental contribution and effective population size from a 3×3 diallel cross of clam Meretrix meretrix

Unbalanced parental contribution and small effective population size （Ne） are common issues during the artificial breeding of marine bivalves. The impact of hatchery-spawning practices on parental contribution, effective population size, the Ne/Nratio, and genetic diversity are largely unknown. To address this, we conducted a parentage analysis on a complete 3×3 diallel cross of clam Meretrix meretrix using eight microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity of the parents was higher than that of their respective offspring in most crosses （8/9）. Sires or dams from the same family contributed unequally to the pool of offspring from a particular cross, and the same parent clam exhibited large variation in parental contribution among different crosses. The variance in male contribution was higher than that of the female contribution in most crosses, suggesting that male contribution was more skewed than for females. The No/N ratio for nine crosses ranged from 0.58 to 0.86. There was no linear relationship between the sex ratio and the Ne/Nratio （P〉0.05）. Moreover, a sex ratio closer to one-to-one does not necessarily mean a larger effective population size. A solution to small effective population size in commercial breeding programs is increasing broodstoek numbers and attempting to maintain a balanced sex ratio.

The Potential Impacts of National, Regional and International Policies and Legislation on the Sustainable Forest Management for NTFPs： A Swaziland Case Study

The objective of this study entails the review and assessment of the relevance of existing and draft policies and legislation that affects the Non-timber Forest Products （NTFP） sector in Swaziland. A hierarchical method of policy and legislation review and analysis was devised for this study. Findings indicated that most national policies and legislation are outdated and old-fashioned, with gaps and overlaps, and there is lack of collaboration between institutions implementing these. The present national forest policy does not adequately guide the development of NTFPs. As a consequence, whilst international policies and legislation capture an excellent spectrum of elements and issues on NTFPs they still remain difficult to implement. However, national level criteria and indicators have issues and elements that are relevant to the sustainable use of NTFPs. It was recommended that national strategies, action plans, policies and legislation be reviewed and updated. The study shows that there are no existing institutional networks or formal collaboration between the institutions involved in the implementation of local, national, regional, and international policies and legislation that affect NTFPs. Government, private sector, Non-Governmental Organizations （NGO＇s）, communities, individuals, and all concerned agencies should jointly develop and implement policies and legislation to provide secure access and benefits to people whose livelihood depends on/is supplemented by NTFPs and further foster networking and collaboration. The immediate adoption and implementation of the 11 policy recommendations on the sustainable management of Non-timber Forest Resources compiled by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biodiversity （CBD） from the Convention on Biological Diversity is highly recommended. It is worthwhile to note that while some of the 11 recommendations were directly inherited from certain articles of the CBD some are general recommendations.

基于λ-主动学习方法的中文微博分词

由于面向中文微博的分词标注语料相对较少，导致基于传统方法和深度学习方法的中文分词系统在微博语料上的表现效果很差。针对此问题，该文提出一种主动学习方法，从大规模未标注语料中挑选更具标注价值的微博分词语料。根据微博语料的特点，在主动学习迭代过程中引入参数λ来控制所选的重复样例的个数，以确保所选样例的多样性；同时，根据样例中字标注结果的不确定性和上下文的多样性，采用Max、Avg和AvgMax这3种策略衡量样例整体的标注价值；此外，用于主动学习的初始分词器除使用当前字的上下文作为特征外，还利用字向量自动计算当前字成为停用字的可能性作为模型的特征。实验结果表明：该方法的F值比基线系统提高了0．84％～1．49％，比目前最优的基于词边界标注（wordboundaryannotation，wBA）的主动学习方法提升效果更好。