北京西山国家森林公园古油松根际微生物多样性分析

【目的】挖掘古油松根际优势的细菌与真菌群落,为筛选油松根际优势的微生物提供理论依据。【方法】采集北京市西山公园内不同树龄的油松根际土壤样品,利用宏扩增子技术对真菌菌群(ITS)和细菌菌群(16S rRNA)的组成和分布进行分析。【结果】油松根际的优势细菌门为变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门以及绿湾菌门;优势真菌门为子囊菌门、担子菌门以及被孢菌门。古油松与壮龄油松根际共同的优势细菌属:包括假单胞菌属、肠杆菌属、Vicinamibacteraceae属、Dongia属和嗜铜菌属。古油松根际中其他优势菌属分别为科萨克氏菌属、气单胞菌属和Rokubacteriales属;在壮龄油松根际中其他优势菌属分别为克雷伯菌属、贪噬菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属。古油松与壮龄油松共有的根际优势真菌属分别为Lophiostoma属、被孢霉属、镰刀菌属、Solicoccozyma属、Ilyonectria属。古油松根际中其他优势真菌属分别为绒毛菌属、Geopora属、马鞍菌属、Inocybe属和柱孢菌属;在壮龄油松根际中其他优势真菌属分别为蜡质菌属、Tassonia属、周刺座霉属、Plectosphaerella属和块菌属。【结论】挖掘出古油松以及壮龄油松根际土壤TOP10的优势真菌属,以及丰度>1%的8个优势细菌属。古油松与壮龄油松根际土壤共有TOP5优势真菌属与细菌属。

热带地区农户庭园户级水平农业生物多样性评价——以西双版纳大卡老寨为例

在西双版纳大卡老寨通过随机抽样和农户推荐选择 9户农民 ,对其家庭庭园采用典型取样法设立 9个样方进行调查并结合全村 60 %抽样比例的半结构访谈、问卷调查等方法进行社会经济状况调查。结果表明 :不同农户之间庭园物种丰富度和农业物种丰富度指数差异较大。不同农户的土地利用类型因植物种类和数量的不同 ,导致不同农户庭园之间植物群落相似性系数较小 ,不同农户庭园植物资源具有的经济效益各不相同。从而说明不同农户在保存物种丰富度和发展农业物种丰富度的同时 ,获得的经济效益存在差距。采用曲线S =a +blnB作为农户数 -物种数曲线的拟合模型初步确定一个村寨农户庭园户级水平农业生物多样性的抽样比例为 1 5%。文末附大卡老寨农户庭园户级水平植物编目 ,包括当地名、拉丁名、中文名、利用部分和用途等。

热带地区橡胶林和旱谷地户级水平农业生物多样性评价——以西双版纳大卡老寨为例

通过随机抽样和农户推荐选择 9户农民 ,分别对西双版纳大卡老寨旱谷地和橡胶林两种土地利用方式采用典型取样法设立 1 8个 4 0 0m2 ( 2 0× 2 0m)的样方进行调查并结合全村 60 %抽样比例进行社会经济状况调查。结果表明 :不同农户之间不同土地利用类型植物物种丰富度和农业物种丰富度都存在较大的差异。不同农户的土地利用类型因植物种类和结构的不同 ,导致不同农户之间植物群落相似性系数较小 (均小于 0 4 2 ) ,其中不同农户旱谷地植物群落差异性较大 ,而橡胶林差异性较小。不同农户不同土地利用类型植物资源具有的经济效益各不相同。说明不同农户在保存物种丰富度和发展农业物种丰富度的同时 ,获得的经济效益存在差距。采用曲线S =a+blnB作为农户数 -物种数曲线的拟合模型初步确定热带地区橡胶林和旱谷地户级水平农业生物多样性的抽样比例分别为 1 5%和 1 3%。文末附大卡老寨橡胶林和旱谷地户级水平植物编目 ,包括当地名、拉丁名、中文名、利用部分和用途等。

热带地区农户薪炭林户级水平农业生物多样性评价——以西双版纳大卡老寨为例

在西双版纳大卡老寨通过随机抽样和农户推荐选择 8户农民 ,对其薪炭林采用典型取样法设立 8个样方进行调查并结合全村 6 0 %抽样比例的半结构访谈、问卷调查等方法进行社会经济状况调查。结果表明 :不同农户之间薪炭林物种丰富度和农业物种丰富度指数差异较大。不同农户的薪炭林因植物种类和数量的不同 ,导致不同农户薪炭林之间植物群落相似性系数较小 ,不同农户薪炭林植物资源具有的经济效益各不相同。从而说明不同农户在保存物种丰富度和发展农业物种丰富度的同时 ,获得的经济效益存在差距。采用曲线S =a +blnB作为农户数 -物种数曲线的拟合模型初步确定一个村寨薪炭林户级水平农业生物多样性的抽样比例为 1 5 %。文末附大卡老寨农户薪炭林户级水平植物编目 ,包括当地名、拉丁名、中文名。

高黎贡山地区农户庭园户级水平农业生物多样性评价——以保山百花岭村汉龙社为例

庭园是高黎贡山地区农村土地利用的重要类型之一。采用户级水平农业生物多样性评价方法对保山市百花岭行政村汉龙社 (自然村 )进行了农村社会经济结构性和半结构性访谈抽样调查 ,选择了具有代表性的 1 0个农户的 1 4个庭园进行了农户庭园物种和管理样方调查。结果表明 :汉龙社农户庭园面积相对较小 ,庭园经济效益低 ,但是庭园中保存了许多有价值的物种 ;农户对庭园的管理与农户经济水平相关 ,经济收入较高的农户往往在庭园中种植管理更多的农业物种 ;在农户庭园中 ,种植最多的物种为常见的蔬菜 ,但许多有价值的野生物种被引入庭园中栽培 ;不同农户的庭园中 ,物种的丰富度和有用物种的比例不尽相同 ,庭园中物种丰富度从 34种到 85种 ,而有用物种的数量由 1 4种到 62种 ,这些差异是由于农民对物种利用知识的差异所造成。文中还进行了汉龙社庭园植物的初步编目。

不同类型人工阔叶红松林高等植物物种多样性

采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数等指标研究了辽宁东部山区人工营造20年生5种阔叶树水曲柳、刺楸、紫椴、色赤杨、白桦与红松形成的混交林及人工红松纯林内各层次高等植物物种多样性,并对该6种林分的垂直结构进行比较.结果表明,人工阔叶红松混交林内植物种类丰富,数量较多;红松纯林内的植物种数仅为人工阔叶红松混交林的42%～52%,植物总数量只有混交林的11%～37%.人工阔叶红松林各层次高等植物物种多样性均好于人工红松纯林,但与原始阔叶红松林相比,人工阔叶红松林的物种多样性还较低.在林分垂直结构方面,人工阔叶红松混交林的成层现象明显,层次结构复杂,垂直多样性丰富;红松纯林只有1个主林冠层,灌木层、草本层较矮,林分垂直结构单一.

巴卡小寨混农林系统农业生物多样性管理与评价

大量研究资料表明 ,混农林业是适宜热带山地社区持续发展的农业生产模式之一。本文以云南省西双版纳傣族自治州基诺族乡巴卡小寨为调查田野点 ,应用人类学、户级水平农业生物多样性评价和访谈等调查方法。设置以橡胶、水果树、薪炭林为主的三种混农林业实践类型共 2 4个样方 ,分别属 1 8位农户。

西双版纳大卡老寨哈尼族轮歇地农业生物多样性评价

通过随机抽样和农户推荐 ,对西双版纳大卡老寨 1 1户农民的 3年轮歇地采用典型取样法设立 1 1个 4 0 0m2( 2 0× 2 0m)的样方进行调查并结合现场社会经济状况调查。结果表明 :从整个 3年轮歇地来说 ,共记录 1 5 6个物种 ,其中物种利用率达到 4 2 9%。不同农户轮歇地植物物种丰富度和农业物种丰富度都存在较大的差异。这是因为轮歇前耕作年限及管理不同所致。不同农户轮歇地植物种类和结构的不同 ,导致不同农户之间植物群落相似性系数较小 ,最大仅为 0 0 4 ,而差异性系数高达 0 92 ,同时具有的经济价值各不相同。采用曲线S =a +blnB作为农户数 -物种数曲线的拟合模型初步确定热带地区 3年轮歇地户级水平农业生物多样性的抽样比例为 2 0 %。

热带地区水田耕作多样性——以西双版纳大卡老寨为例

通过随机抽样和农户推荐 ,对西双版纳大卡老寨 1 2户农民的水田采用典型取样法设立 4 8个 1m2 ( 1× 1m)的样方进行调查并结合现场社会经济状况调查。结果表明 :从整个水田类型来说 ,共记录 31个物种 1 1 1 3个体数 ,其中物种利用率和个体利用率分别达到 1 6 1 %和 4 3 7%。水稻作为目的物种 ,其株丛数和频度都居首位 ,重要值也相应地居首位。水田里其它优势草本有圆叶节节菜 (RotalarotundifoliaKoehne)、四叶萍 (Marsileaquadi foliaLinn .)和草龙 (Ludwigiaoctovalvis (Jacq .)Raven)等湿性或水生的草本为主。水稻作为人工引入种 ,其个体数量占全部物种个体总数的 4 1 9% ,同时其它物种也是草本 ,物种数较少而个体数较多 ,致使整个水田群落物种丰富度和农业物种丰富度均相对较低。同时导致群落均匀度指数较低 ,仅为 0 5 3。不同农户水田植物物种丰富度和农业物种丰富度都存在较大的差异。这是因为农户种植的水稻品种不同和管理技术不同 ,同时不同农户对同一物种的认识和利用存在所致。不同农户水田植物种类和结构的不同 ,导致不同农户之间植物群落相似性系数最大仅为 0 0 6 ,而差异性系数高达 0 87,水田植物种类组成几乎完全不同 ,同时获得的经济效益存在差距。采用曲线S =a+blnB作为农户数

西双版纳社区旱稻品种多样性现状调查报告——以巴卡小寨、大卡老寨和曼那龙寨为例

本文应用户级水平的农业生物多样性评价方法 ,在 2个热带山地村寨 (大卡老寨、巴卡小寨 )和一个热带坝区村寨 (曼那龙寨 )按 39%的比例随机抽取农户 ,利用半结构访谈 ,问卷调查等方法进行旱稻种植情况以及社会经济状况调查 ,并对传统旱稻品种进行收集和鉴定。结果表明 :在 3个村寨中 ,旱稻品种存在丰富的形态多样性和遗传多样性 ;一些需肥 ,优质的旱稻品种已经或濒于消失 ,而耐瘠 ,米质差的旱稻品种占绝对优势 ,旱稻品种趋于单一化 ;农户保存的旱稻品种数及类型不仅受旱稻种植面积、轮歇地面积的影响 ,还受各农户饮食习惯、种植技术、市场需要、以及民族文化的影响。因此 。

多源基因学习的微种群教与学优化及应用

由于微种群教与学优化算法的种群规模较小,故其种群多样性很难维持.为提高微种群教与学优化算法的搜索性能,提出了一种基于多源基因学习的微种群教与学优化算法(micro-population teaching-learning-based optimization based on multi-source gene learning,MTLBO-MGL).在MTLBO-MGL算法中,将教阶段和学阶段根据随机选择策略来对个体进行基因水平上的进化操作;并从基因层面上对种群多样性进行检测和使用稀疏谱聚类方法对种群的每个维度进行聚类.然后,根据多样性检测和聚类结果,选择不同的进化策略来提高所提算法的搜索性能.在28个测试函数上,通过将所提算法与其他4种微种群进化算法作对比,证明了所提算法的整体性能要显著好于所对比的4种算法.本文还将所提算法应用于无人机三维路径规划问题,结果表明MTLBO-MGL算法能够在该问题上取得较好结果.

北京奥运会有害生物入侵监测体系的建立和效果评估

北京奥运会期间对奥运核心区开展连续监测,共诱捕到隶属于7目、53科的昆虫109种,未发现检疫性有害生物。有害生物监测体系在奥运会期间运行良好。

2010-2013年我国省级卫视电视剧类型竞争的实证研究

随着我国类型电视剧生产的发展成熟,电视剧类型竞争成为我国省级卫视竞争中的主要手段。本文采用2010-2013年共四年的黄金时段电视剧类型的抽样数据,对我国省级卫视电视剧类型的垂直多样性和水平多样性进行了测算,结果表明:对电视剧的类型规制提升了省级卫视电视剧类型的垂直多样性,降低了省级卫视电视剧类型的水平多样性。

炭基肥与化肥配施对植烟土壤生物学特性的影响

采用大田试验研究了不同比例炭基肥与化肥配施对豫中烟区土壤养分及微生物特性的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,炭基肥与化肥配施促进了土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、微生物量氮、矿质氮和微生物熵的增加,其中以配施40%炭基肥和30%炭基肥处理的增幅最为显著;配施处理提高了土壤碱解氮和速效磷的含量,以配施40%炭基肥处理的最高,分别增加了32.4%和54.1%;炭基肥与化肥配施处理的酶活性综合指数显著高于化肥(CK),提升幅度在16.7%~29.2%。炭基肥与化肥配施提高了烟田土壤微生物功能多样性指数,配施高量炭基肥处理显著增加了微生物对氨基酸、多聚物、酚酸和胺类碳源的利用强度。40%有机氮与化肥配施有利于改善植烟土壤养分和微生物学特性,提高土壤综合质量。

Response of Regeneration Diversity of Carex Lasiocarpa Community to Different Water Levels in Sanjiang Plain,China

The species diversity at the regeneration stage, inflenced by different water levels, is important for community composition in the later growing season.Regeneration diversity of Carex lasiocarpa community under different water levels was studied at two stages, recruitment and adult, in the Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province, China.The results showed that, at the two growing stages, important value of C.lasiocarpa population and species richness of the community decreased with the increasing water level, while the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity indexes and Pielou evenness index increased.Under different water levels, community diversities were higher at the recruitment stage, while population important values of C.lasiocarpa were higher at the adult stage.Indexes in vegetation evaluation must be chosen prudentially for successful restoration and effective management of wetlands, and especially for wetland restoration, the optimal time should be selected according to the restoration objectives and costs.

Assessment of the Ecological Security in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area by Using the Ecological Footprint Method

The ecological footprint concept and its calculation models are useful for the measurement of the sustainable level of social and economic development.The ecological security situation of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA) was evaluated using this concept in this study.The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir has led to the change in the ecology and immigration status of TGRA.The ecological footprint method is an important means to study the regional ecological security.Our results suggested that,by excluding the areas for biodiversity conservation(12% of the total land),the ecological footprint per capita was 0.57895 ha,which exceeded the ecological carrying capacity in TGRA.The total ecological deficit was found to be 11,522,193.34 ha,accounting for 95.02% of the ecological carrying capacity.These findings suggested that the ecological security of TGRA was not good.In order to compensate for the ecological deficit,it was essential to introduce natural resources from other regions.

Regional diversity of agricultural labor productivity and its driving force in east China

China＇s eastern area is at middle and later stage of industrialization during which the relation between urban and rural areas, industry, and agriculture appears maladjusted. The main problems are shrinkage in agricultural comparative earning and lack of driving force of agricultural development. Based on calculating agricultural labor productivity in east China from 1996 to 2005, this paper analyzes contributing degree of motive forces of agriculture develop in ten provinces and cities of east China applying GCA （Grey correlative analysis）. The results show that there is no absolute correspondence between the level of industrialization and agricultural labor productivity in China＇s eastern area. There is no synchronous development between industry and agricultural labor productiviry in some areas. Fertilizer and agricultural machinery input had high contributing degree for ten years; however; contributing degree in land and irrigation work input was low. Non-materialization inputs became the leading role in most provinces and cities＇ increase of agricultural labor productivity. Modern agricultural development need non-materialization inputs as primary motive force, at the same time, direct material input and facility input as guaranteed function. For some reasons, agricultural development is characterized by ＂more direct material input, less facility input ＂ in east China now. Optimal driving.force model of future agricultural development in east China is that non-materialization inputs are dominant, that perfected facility input arc guarantee, and that certain substance inputs are necessary

Traditional Agrodiversity Management:A Case Study of Central Himalayan Village Ecosystem

Environmental, biological, socio-cultural and economic status variation existing in the Central Himalaya have led to the evolution of diverse and unique traditional agroecosystems, crop species and livestock, which facilitate the traditional mountain farming societies to sustain themselves. Indigenous agroecosystems are highly site specific and differ from place to place, as they have evolved along divergent lines. For maintenance of traditional agrodiversity management the farmers of the Central Himalaya have evolved various types of crop rotations in consonance with the varied environmental conditions and agronomic requirements. In irrigated fiat lands two crops are harvested in a year with negligible fallow period but in rainfed conditions if a cropping sequence is presumed to be starting after winter fallow phase then four major cropping seasons can be identified namely first kharif season （first crop season）, first rabi season （second crop season）, second kharif season （third crop season） and second rabi season （fourth crop season）. Highest crop diversity is present in kharif season in comparison to rabi season. Traditionally the fields are left fallow after harvest of the second kharif season crop. Important characteristics of agrodiversity management are the use of bullocks for draughtpower, human energy as labour, crop residues as animal feed and animal waste mixed with forest litter as organic input to restore soil fertility levels. Women provide most of the human labour except for ploughing and threshing grain. The present study deals with assessment of traditional agrodiversity management such as （i） crop diversity, （ii） realized yield under the traditional practices and （iii） assess the differences of realized yields under sole and mixed cropping systems. It indicated that crop rotation is an important feature of the Central Himalayan village ecosystem which helps to continue the diversity of species grown, as are the distribution of crops in the growing period and the management of soil fertility. The cropping diversity existing and the sequences practiced by the traditional farmers seems to have achieved high degree of specialization and thus even when the yield/biomass variations are about 6o%, the farmers continue to practice these sequences as they need to maintain diversity and synergistic relationships of crops in addition to manage the food and labour requirements for crop husbandry. Crop yields are generally higher in irrigated systems than rainfed systems and in sole cropping as compared with mixed cropping. However, gross biological and economic yields are higher in mixed cropping than sole cropping systems.

Impact of Industrial Pollution on the Zooplankton Population Diversity of the Hammam Boughrara Dam

Works concerning zooplankton of freshwaters of the western area of Algeria are only very fragmentary and remain at an embryonic state. Remediating to this situation, it led a study of the biodiversity and zooplanktonic populations distribution in time and space in the Boughrara dam lake which remains subject to a strong pollution coming essentially from Morocco. The preliminary results of the faunistic analysis of the zooplanktonic populations enabled to highlight an important richness of zoological groups. The CFA （correspondences factorial analysis） and the AHC （ascending hierarchical classification） methods used both enabled to define the species distribution of both open waters and littoral ones, and also to perform existing affinities between them and the state of the used medium. Compared to other barrages, such as those of Bouhanifia and of Sarno, the zooplanktonic populations of both open waters and littoral populations appear to a great extent numerous in rain period. On the quantitative and qualitative level, the zooplanktonic populations strongly suffer from the pollution contamination coming from the Mouillah River especially in summer period. It is time to think about the protection of this fauna which is the second trophic chain link and this intending to preserve the ecosystems in an equilibrium state and to consider the exploitation of natural resources in the realization of an aquacultural farm.

Biolog EcoPlate^(TM)实验信息提取方法改进

Biolog EcoPlateTM微平板是用于研究微生物群落水平多样性的一种主流研究方法。针对目前国内研究者对Biolog实验结果解读不充分和错误层出不穷的情况,提出了一套改进实验结果信息提取的方法。方法包含两个部分,一是基于微生物生理学和生态学意义上的Biolog碳源分类表,是研究者进行解读的参考依据和索引;二是结合实例,阐释如何根据上述分类表、以环境富集原理为指导,利用排序的统计方法进行结果解译,发掘出更多的信息。