多生境功能菌于生化系统污泥原位减量的中试研究

从不同生态环境中筛选、驯化获得两组多生境微生物菌剂用于活性污泥的减量化,采用A2/O工艺活性污泥法进行生活污水的现场中试,设两组相同装置,一组为不加菌剂的对照,对比其污泥减量效果。结果表明:投加MEMA功能菌组较对照组污泥原位减量53.1%,污泥增长速率显著下降。出水COD、NH3-N、TN指标优于对照组,但出水TP略有升高,MEMA功能菌剂的加入可改善污泥结构,提高活性污泥的聚磷能力,可在不影响主要出水指标的条件下实现活性污泥的原位减量化。

基于适应值共享的多生境排挤遗传算法

针对优化多模函数时单纯使用共享和排挤机制的遗传算法所存在的缺陷,提出了基于适应值共享的多生境排挤遗传算法。基本思想是:按照共享的思想在对个体的适应值进行调整的同时,将排挤选择和相似个体中适应度最差个体被替换的策略分别应用于选择算子和群体的进化中。理论分析和数值实验表明,该算法很好地维持了种群多样性,对于各类多峰函数具有较强的搜索能力。

基于多生境遗传算法的卫星轨道计算方法

针对用传统优化算法求解计算卫星轨道过程中的开普勒超越方程时,面临的对梯度计算敏感和初始点要求过高等问题,提出了一种基于多生境遗传算法的卫星轨道计算方法,并据此计算了多种卫星的星下点轨迹。数值实验表明,上述算法较传统优化算法有较强的普适性和全局收敛性。

协同进化多生境遗传算法

为了提高多生境遗传算法的优化效率,提出了一种基于协同进化的多生境遗传算法,其基本思想是:将种群分割为若干子种群,每个子种群采用合作型协同进化方法独立进化;个体评价采用多生境方法,具体作法为:在对个体的适应值进行共享调整的同时,在选择中采用确定性排挤方法,在替换中采用最相似个体适应度最差个体被替换策略,以维持种群的多样性。数值实验表明,上述算法在维持多生境遗传算法较强全局搜索能力的同时,可适当提高算法运行效率。

基于多生境遗传算法的无人机航迹规划

基本遗传算法易早熟和局部搜索能力欠佳,为此,将多生境遗传算法应用于无人机灾情巡查路径优化。基本思想是:在适应值共享基础上,在选择算子中引入排挤机制,在交叉算子中采用间隔交叉,并使用最相似个体中适应度最差的个体替换技术。数值实验表明,多生境遗传算法可以大大提高种群的多样性,在很大程度上避免早熟,获得比基本遗传算法更优的巡查路径。

基于改进多生境排挤算法的量子遗传算法

针对量子遗传算法在复杂连续函数优化中存在着收敛速度慢、易陷入局部最优的缺陷,提出一种基于改进多生境拥挤算法的量子遗传算法。基本思想是:在保留多生境排挤算法搜索速度较快这一优势的同时,引入聚类分析,提高其搜索能力,然后将改进的多生境排挤算法引入量子遗传算法。仿真实验结果显示,多生境排挤量子遗传算法与基本量子遗传算法相比较,在全局收敛性和收敛速度方面有了一定程度的改进和提高。

基于生境营造理念的城市公园绿地施工营建策略研究

针对城市更新和特色公园景观营建过程中的要素多样性和生境复杂性,以上海植物园北区改扩建工程为例,探讨基于多重生境营建理念的城市绿地综合施工技术研究和实践。从植物种植、土壤改良、水体净化等典型城市绿地生境营造的施工技术集成角度,构建特色公园绿地“工程全生命周期”和“具体项目施工技术”两个层级的城市绿地营建技术集成,建立系统、适用的多生境协同的公园绿地施工技术体系。

多生境菌群与微型后生动物同步强化污泥原位消减

利用多生境菌群(MEMA)与微型后生动物复合强化实现泥水同步降解,并在余杭污水处理厂开展污泥原位减量工程示范研究。结果表明:污泥的减量效果明显,试验组的产泥量比对照组降低44%,而出水主要水质指标值与对照组相差不大,满足GB 18918—2002一级B排放标准。试验组污泥的沉降性能更为理想,污泥脱氢酶活性较对照组提高了约20%,活性污泥的含磷量平均高出对照组约37.8%,且MLVSS/MLSS值稳定。将菌剂等投资成本计算在内,节省运行成本约474.7元/104m3污水,随着稳定运行时间的延长则其节约的成本将更为可观。

多生境膜生物反应器中活性污泥的流变特性

以多生境膜生物反应器运行过程中活性污泥的流变性能为研究对象,考察污泥浓度(MLSS)和剪切速率(γ)对活性污泥流变特性的影响,以期揭示其中活性污泥的流变学特性,从而为优化其运行提供理论及实验基础。反应器系统在不排泥的情况下运行,持续运行105 d,反应器内生物质浓度从刚开始驯化的3 200 mg·L^(-1)累积到最终的12 500 mg·L^(-1)。在运行过程中,在常温下同步测定了污泥的动力黏度、极限黏度和上清液黏度。结果表明:随着剪切速率的增大,污泥黏度均减小,表现出剪切稀化的特性,非牛顿流体的特征十分明显;活性污泥极限黏度随MLSS、EPS增加而增大,在低质量浓度(<8 000 mg·L^(-1))下的活性污泥流变特性与Bingham模型十分吻合,而在高质量浓度(>8 000 mg·L^(-1))下的则近似于Ostwald de Vaele模型。

河流多生境自然塑造技术在北运河流域再生水河道修复中的应用研究

遵循“基于自然的解决方案(Natural based solution)”理念,本研究开发了由渗滤型边滩、生态跌水和近自然河溪构成的河流多生境自然塑造技术及系统,并在北运河流域的再生水河道台头沟实施了工程应用与示范.结果表明,该技术与系统具有良好的水质净化效果,对氨氮、总氮、总磷和化学需氧量的平均削减率分别为62.15%、47.46%、48.50%和70.84%;河道修复使得生境质量得到改善,由D级(差)提升至B级(良),生境类型由不足3种提升至超过8种;修复后河道底栖动物的种类数量、BI指数、多样性指数等增加,水鸟从无到有,生物多样性也逐步改善.该技术可为城市特别是城乡结合部小型再生水河道治理提供借鉴.

北方低温仿自然湿地脱氮除磷强化净化技术应用

为强化湿地系统的脱氮除磷效果,构建具有“预处理区+主处理区+后处理区”的多生境仿自然湿地系统,辅以底质调节缓释除磷措施,形成良好的厌氧/缺氧/好氧微生环境,同时为提升湿地系统的冬季运行效果,项目对湿地系统的填料床结构、菌群/植物配置以及低温运行模式进行了优化。结果表明,多生境仿自然系统湿地系统内部能够形成良好的厌氧/缺氧/好氧交替的微生环境,通过辅助添加土壤/生石灰缓释除磷填料,可进一步提高系统的除磷效果;通过采取填料床表层保温材料覆盖、低温冰下低水位运行技术措施,能够将冰下温度控制在2~3℃,可进一步发挥耐低温植物/微生物的水质净化功能,综合提升低温条件下的湿地出水效果;研究成果应用于官厅八号桥仿自然湿地,对低温季节上游来水中TN、TP的去除率分别为47.78%、51.67%,有效突破了传统湿地氮、磷污染物净化水平有限、冬季低温条件下湿地出水达标运行困难等瓶颈问题。

以江苏省河流湖泊为例探讨基于物种与面积关系确定大型底栖动物最适及高效采样量

以江苏省河流湖泊为研究对象,选取不同水体代表性点位,运用多生境采样法和形态学鉴定获取淡水大型底栖无脊椎动物的物种数及对应的采样面积,拟合实际结果的物种数与面积关系对数函数曲线。所研究采样量包括采样面积值、样方及样带数。研究发现,不同水体点位最适采样量面积为1.45~12.75 m^(2),样方及样带总数为6~16个,其要求十分耗时耗力。为解决这一问题,以物种数与面积关系对数函数的一阶导数曲线y≈1值为临界点,提出“高效采样量”概念,并提出3条采样原则供讨论。同时得到江苏地区高效采样量:涉水可过河流采样面积为1.36 m^(2),涉水不可过河流采样面积为1.5 m^(2),不可涉水河流和浅水湖泊采样面积为1.75 m^(2),均需采集4个样方,1个样带。

永磁无刷直流电机及其微机测控伺服系统研究

设计并实现了基于微机测控技术的无刷直流电机及其控制系统。针对无刷直流电机转矩波动过大的缺陷,首先根据现场的实际测控要求设计了合适的电机结构,并在此基础上利用改进多生境遗传算法对电机方案进行优化。之后确定了以TMS320F28335为控制核心的伺服系统的总体设计方案,并对伺服系统硬件进行了设计。为进一步抑制电机的换相转矩波动,提出混合分段式换相策略。在此基础上,设计了一套针对全数字无刷直流电机变频调速控制平台的主从分布式通信系统,使得主控计算机实现分散控制、集中处理的最优控制效果。通过有限元联合仿真及实验对无刷直流电机及伺服系统进行验证。所设计的基于微机测控技术的无刷直流电机控制系统在精密控制领域有着广泛的应用前景。

MEMA菌制剂强化污泥原位减量工程示范

利用多生境功能菌(MEMA)强化泥水同步降解,开展污泥原位减量工程示范研究。结果表明:实施减量工程后吨COD产泥量由5.13 t降至3.30 t,比实施前降低35.7%。工程示范期间进水COD、NH3-N分别提高57.2%、55.1%,但出水均能满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级B排放标准,削减量分别提高70.0%、65.8%。吨水耗电量与实施前持平,COD耗电量下降30%,相对耗药量未见增加。

The Super-population Bridges the Habitat Diversity and Biodiversity

There is another way for new species to invade former settlers＇ habitats and successfully settle there; it is demonstrated that the su- per-population, which plays a key role in changing the world-wide environment, can create many new microhabitats in the old habitat, it is these new microhabitats that make new species easily come into the old habitat and settle there without fierce competition with former settlers. In other words, the super-population lead to the differentiation of the worldwide environment, lead to the environmental diversity in the biosphere. Through the differentiation of the environment the super-population produces many new microhabitats for new species, the appearance of many new microhabitats make it possible for new species to coexist with former settlers in the biosphere. The cqexistence of new species with former settlers or with new species＇ ＂ancestors＂ results in the increaseing in the biodiversity of the biosphere. The super-population is the founder of many new environments on the earth, it bridges the habitat diversity and the biodiversity. Now It is easy to explain the phenomenon that new species sometimes coexist with former settlers and even depend on former settlers in the biosphere rather than fierce competition between them.

The Characteristic Patterns of Macrofaunal Fouling Assemblages in Nearshore Waters of the South China Sea

The spatio-temporal patterns of macrofaunal fouling assemblages were quantitatively investigated in the nearshore waters of the South China Sea.The work was undertaken by deploying seasonal panels at two sites(H-site,L-site) for one year,and the fouling communities on the panels were examined and analyzed.The results indicated that species composition of assemblages was obviously different between the two sites.At both sites the assemblages were characteristic with solitary dominant species throughout the year,with Amphibalanus reticulates dominating at H-site and Hydroides elegans at L-site.Shannon index and biomass of the assemblages varied with depth and season at both sites.At H-site the total biomass in summer and autumn were significantly higher than those in spring and winter,while at L-site the assemblage biomass also differed significantly among the four seasons,and the greatest biomass occurred at the depth of 2.0 m in winter.The abundance of all seasonal samples in non-metric multidimensional scaling was clustered as one group at L-site and three groups at H-site.The environmental factors were more likely to be related to the variation of fouling assemblages.Furthermore,it also suggests that in tropical seas the integrated adaptability would qualify a species for dominating a fouling assemblage despite its short life cycle,rather than the usually assumed only species with long life span.This study reveals the complexity and characteristic dynamics of macrofaunal fouling assemblages in the tropical habitats,and the results would provide valuable knowledge for biodiversity and antifouling research.

Taxonomic Distinctness of Macrofauna as an Ecological Indicator in Laizhou Bay and Adjacent Waters

In this paper, we assessed the ecological and biodiversity status in the Bohai Sea through a quantitative survey on mac-rofaunal community at 25 stations in Laizhou Bay and adjacent waters in the autumn of 2006.We tested the robustness and effectiveness of taxonomic distinctness as an ecological indictor by analyzing its correlation with species richness and natural environmental variables and by analyzing other ecological indicators (Shannon-Wiener H' and W statistics from Abundance Biomass Comparison curve).Results so obtained indicated that the benthic environment of the study waters in general is not under major impact of anthropogenic disturbance, but some stations in Laizhou Bay and along the coast of the Shandong Peninsula and even in the central Bohai Sea might be moderately disturbed and showed signs of ecological degradation.The taxonomic distinctness measures △+ and Λ+ were independent of sampling effort and natural environment factors and were compliant to other ecological indicators.Further application of the taxonomic distinctness indicator to assess marine biodiversity and ecosystem health on a larger regional scale with historical data seems promising.

Sacred Natural Site and Regional Biodiversity Conservation in Xishuangbanna

Xishuangbanna is a multinational region and different ethnic groups have self-owned traditional ways of protecting biodiversity, represented by Dragon Moun-tain and Hil Cemetery, and Temple Forest. As population increases and economy develops, people’s consciousness of traditional culture is fading and both of the number and area of sacred natural sites underwent changes, undermining the role of sacred natural sites playing in biodiversity protection, especial y for species pro-tection and gene exchange.

ANALYSIS OF HABITAT PATTERN CHANGE OF RED-CROWNED CRANES IN THE LIAO HE DELTA USING SPATIAL DIVERSITY INDEX

Habitat pattern change of red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) in t he Liaohe Delta between 1988 and 1998 was analyzed with the help of Spatial Dive rsity Index based on remote sensing data and field investigation. The result sho wed that the influence from human activities on the wetland habitat of red-crow ned cranes was prominent with the development of oil and agricultural exploitati on, and the habitat pattern of red-crowned cranes had been obviously changed by the human disturbance during the ten years. The areas with high Spatial Diversi ty values (SD≥0.65) and that with mid-high values (0.5≤SD< 0.65), which const ituted the main part of suitable habitat of red-crowned cranes,had reduced to 9142ha and 5576ha respectively, with the shrinking of natural land cover, such a s reed and Suaeda community. The habitat pattern became more fragmented, which w as caused by roads and wells during oil exploration. It was indicated that the s uitability and quality of habitat for red-crowned cranes in the Liaohe Delta we re degraded in the last decade. The results also showed that diversity index cou ld reflect the habitat suitability of red-crowned cranes quantitatively and des cribe the spatial pattern of the habitat explicitly. This study will provide a s cientific basis for habitat protection of red-crowned cranes and other rare spe cies in wetlands.

β-diversity Patterns of Plant Community in Fragmented Habitat in a Degenerated Meadow in Songnen Plain,China

A number of isolated islands of Leymus chinensis ＋ herbosa community were investigated in fragmented habitat islands, by Braun-Blanquet field survey approach, in a degenerated meadow in the Songnen Plain, China in 2007. These islands were classified as large, medium, and small scales on the basis of the island area （100-1000m2, large island; 50-100m2, middle island; 10-50m2, small island）. Each scale of the investigation involved eight islands. The responses ofβ-diversity patterns of plant taxon to the habitat fragmentation at local community and metacommunity levels were analyzed on different scales of 24 isolated islands. The results indicated that at the local community level, there were 57 species belonging to 20 families and 49 genera in large islands, 49 species belonging to 16 families and 40 genera in middle islands, and 27 species belonging to eight families and 23 genera in small islands, β-diversity indexes for species, genus and family in large, middle, and small islands varied greatly, and the highest value of the indexes was not noted in the largest island. However, the average of the data obtained at the three scales showed that across large islands, Whittaker indexes were low and Bray-Curtis similarity indexes were high, while across small islands, Whittaker indexes were high and Bray-Curtis similarity indexes were low. At the metacommunity level, Whittaker indexes for species and genus showed a great significantly negative double logarithmic correlation （p〈0.01） with the island area, whereas the Bray-Curtis indexes for species, genus and family showed a great significantly positive double logarithmic correlation （p〈0.01） with the island area. At both local community and metacommunity levels, tumovers of species and genus could respond more sensitively to spatial changes of plant diversity patterns than that of family. Hence, the species and the genus could be used for the analysis offl-diversity patterns of plant community.