多生物效应技术实现方法研究

经亿万年进化的生物已经具备了完善的结构、性状、原理和行为等生物特性,这些特性能为现实多种复杂问题提供有效解决机制。生物为产品设计尤其是仿生设计提供了原始素材,是创新的灵感之源。为充分利用已知的生物原型,进行系统化的产品仿生技术结构设计。建立多生物效应的描述模型,基于灰色聚类提出了生物—技术系统的特征聚类方法;研究生物功能技术实现的类比方法,提出了基于属性的生物-技术功能映射模型及多生物效应驱动的产品原理解构建过程,给出了基于特征聚类的多生物效应技术实现方式;集成上述研究成果形成了面向产品系统设计的多生物效应技术求解模型,并以纽扣电池扣圈装置创新设计为例,验证了本方法的有效性。

基于多生物效应的产品仿生设计流程研究

仿生设计是工业设计中一种重要的设计方式,自然界中千奇百怪的生物为人类发明创造提供了不竭的源泉。为了增加设计人员对生物知识的利用,本文引入了多生物效应这一概念,并通过对多生物效应知识库的应用,构建了仿生设计流程,为仿生设计提供了依据,提高设计的效率和准确性。

多生物效应的编码方法研究

自然界存在的生物是人类进行发明创造的一个重要源泉,为提高工程设计人员对生物信息的利用效率,增强多生物效应知识工具的实用性,提出了一种针对多生物效应的多层次的编码方法.阐述了这种编码方法的结构体系,建立了与编码相关的知识工具,并论述了这种编码方法的操作流程及实现方式.最后,以对希瓦氏菌在厌氧环境中利用2种特殊蛋白质的联合作用从氧化铁矿石中获取氧这一多生物效应进行编码的过程为例,验证本编码方法的可用性和优越性.

基于多生物效应的功能组合产品设计方法研究

功能组合产品是创新产品的一类重要形式,为提高功能组合产品设计的可行性和创新性,提出基于多生物效应的功能组合产品设计方法.首先研究生物原型功能实现的多种因素组合及转化机理,抽取多生物效应来构建多生物效应知识库;其次分析多生物效应模型归纳功能组合基本模式,融合TRIZ方法建立了基于多生物效应的产品功能组合设计过程模型,以生物功能协同实现模式指导产品功能组合设计;最后应用该方法完成湿热地区淡水收集帐篷的设计.研究表明,该功能组合产品设计方法较好地满足了用户对产品的多种需求,具有一定有效性与可行性.

层次生物特征驱动的产品情感化设计方法

目的对产品情感化设计的实现途径进行研究。方法将工程设计领域的多生物效应方法引入到艺术设计领域,基于功能相似性确定多生物效应,抽取生物原型的不同特征指导产品情感化设计。结果形成基于多生物效应的产品情感化设计过程模型,从生物角度指导设计人员进行产品情感化设计。结论经实例验证,系统化、分层次地应用生物知识可以辅助产品情感化设计,有利于设计出实用性与艺术性统一的产品、提高设计方案的质量和产出效率。

基于多元仿生的快速响应设计研究

为提高生物知识在产品创新设计中的利用效率,特别是对产品快速响应设计的支持,提出了一种面向系统功能实现的多元仿生设计方法.该方法以多生物效应为核心工具,配合生物系统建模方法、生物原型的技术转化方法,结合新的产品功能建模技术,能够快速地将生物原型转化成为满足市场新需求的产品技术系统,与现有技术特别是与传统仿生设计相比得以显著改良.最后利用上述理论以新型假山石制造设备的开发设计为例验证其实用性价值.

Mutagenic Effect of Three Invasive Species through Allium Cepa Bioassay

Invasive alien species are a global threat to biodiversity that affects protected areas around the world. The occupation of new environments by these plants is a problem to be solved and it is essential to investigate all the aspects that allow this successful to find solutions to this question, such as its mutagenic effects. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the mutagenic effect of leaves extracts of Acacia mangium Willd, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Eriobothrya japonica （Thunb.） Lindl through Allium cepa bioassay. For this, A. cepa seeds were submitted to continuous and discontinuous （acute and chronic） treatments in medium with water （negative control） or four concentration of each extract （1, 5, 10 and 50 mg/mL）. The mitotic index was affected at all concentrations of three extracts tested in all treatments, continuous and discontinuous. Aneugenic effects were not related to any treatment tested. E. japonica extract induced clastogenic effects at 1, 5 and 10 mg/mL in continuous treatment, 5 and 10 mg/mL in acute discontinuous treatment and at 10 mg/mL in chronic discontinuous treatment. Clastogenic effect was also observed at 10 mg/mL ofA. heterophyllus extract in continuous and acute discontinuous treatments.

Drought weakens the positive effect of plant diversity on community biomass

Drought can greatly impact the biodiversity of an ecosystem and play a crucial role in regulating its functioning.However,the specific mechanisms by which drought mediate the biodiversity effect(BE)on community biomass in above-and belowground through functional traits remain poorly understood.Here,we conducted a common garden experiment in a greenhouse,which included two plant species richness levels and two water addition levels,to analyze the effects of biodiversity on aboveground biomass(AGB),belowground biomass(BGB)and total biomass(TB),and to quantify the relationship between BEs and functional traits under drought conditions.Our analysis focused on partitioning BEs into above-and belowground complementarity effect(CE)and selection effect(SE)at the species level,which allowed us to better understand the impacts of biodiversity on community biomass and the underlying mechanisms.Our results showed that plant species richness stimulated AGB,BGB and TB through CEs.Drought decreased AGB,BGB and TB,simultaneously.In addition,the aboveground CE was positively associated with the variation in plant height.SEs in above-and belowground were negatively correlated with the community mean plant height and root length,respectively.Furthermore,drought weakened the aboveground CE by decreasing variation in plant height,resulting in a reduction in AGB and TB.Our findings demonstrate that the complementarity of species is an important regulator of community biomass in above-and belowground,the dynamics of biomass under environmental stress are associated with the response of sensitive compartments.

Genotypic diversity and genotype identity of resident species drive community composition

Aims Species-rich plant communities are more resistant to invasions.In the past decade it was demonstrated that genetic variation also has many ecological effects.In our study we aimed to test whether the patterns of response to the genetic diversity of a resident species differ between colonizing species of different growth forms and whether the response is affected by soil nutrients.Methods We established experimental stands of a common grass,Festuca rubra,harbouring three levels of genetic diversity(1,6 or 18 clonal genotypes,referred to as genotypic diversity)under two soil nutrient levels.In the fourth year after the stands were established,we sowed a mixture of four colonizers into the stands:a stoloniferous legume(Trifolium repens),a broad-leaf tussock grass(Anthoxanthum odoratum),a largerosette forb(Plantago lanceolata)and a small-rosette forb(Campanula rotundifolia).We observed species establishment and growth over 3 years.We tested whether colonization success depended on genotypic diversity,specific Festuca genotypes,soil nutrients and colonizer growth form.Important Findings The colonization success and biomass of the colonizers were significantly affected by the genotypic diversity and the genotype identity of the resident clonal grass.The response,however,differed between the colonizers.The strongest response to the genotypic diversity of the resident species was observed in the tussock grass with a growth form and architecture similar to the resident species.The large-rosette species responded in early stages of growth whereas the stoloniferous legume did not respond at all.The intraspecific genotypic diversity and genotype identity of the resident species play an important role in the assembly of plant communities.

Plant diversity promotes soil fungal pathogen richness under fertilization in an alpine meadow

Aims The effects of fertilization on fungal plant pathogens in agricultural soils have been studied extensively.However,we know little about how fertilization affects the relative abundance and richness of soil fungal plant pathogens in natural ecosystems,either through altering the soil properties or plant community composition.Methods Here,we used data from a 7-year nitrogen(N)addition experiment in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to test how N addition affects the relative abundance and richness of soil fungal plant pathogens,as determined using Miseq sequencing of ITS1 gene biomarkers.We also evaluated the relative importance of changes in soil properties versus plant species diversity under N addition.Important Findings Using general linear model selection and a piecewise structural equation model,we found that N addition increased the relative abundance of soil fungal plant pathogens by significantly altering soil properties.However,higher host plant species richness led to higher soil fungal plant pathogen richness,even after excluding the effects of N addition.We conclude that the relative abundance and richness of soil fungal plant pathogens are regulated by different mechanisms in the alpine meadow.Continuous worldwide N inputs(through both fertilizer use and nitrogen deposition)not only cause species losses via altered plant species interactions,but also produce changes in soil properties that result in more abundant soil fungal plant pathogens.This increase in pathogen relative abundance may seriously threaten ecosystem health,thus interrupting important ecosystem functions and services.

The abundance effect on network nestedness is stronger for parasitic than herbivory interactions

It has been suggested that the importance of network architecture to species diversity and stability should be based on preference networks(comprised of niche differentiations),rather than observational networks,because species abundance may significantly affect interaction frequencies.Considering that resource abundance is usually greater for herbivores than parasites,we hypothesize that the abundance effect is stronger for parasitic than herbivory interactions.To test this hypothesis,we collected 80 quantitative observational networks including 34 herbivorous and 46 parasitic networks from the published literature,and derived preference networks by removing the effects of species abundance.We then determined the network nestedness using both weighted NODF and spectral radius.We also determined species degree distribution,interaction evenness,weighted connectance and robustness for both observational and preference networks.The observational networks(including both herbivory and parasitic networks)were more nested judged by weighted NODF than spectral radius.Preference networks were less nested for parasitic than herbivory networks in terms of both weighted NODF and spectral radius,possibly because removing the abundance effect increased interaction evenness.These trends indicate that the abundance effect on network nestedness is stronger for parasitic than herbivory networks.Weighted connectance and robustness were greater in most preference networks than observational networks,indicating that preference networks may have high network stability and community persistence compared with observational ones.The data indicate that future network analyses should not only address the structural difference between mutualistic and antagonistic interactions,but also between herbivory and parasitic interactions.