考虑多能负荷波动实时平衡的综合能源系统多时间尺度优化调度

综合能源系统内负荷的不确定性及多能源响应负荷波动的时间尺度不同为优化调度结果的可靠性及系统对负荷波动的响应带来了挑战。确定日前、日内、实时三阶段优化调度模式,在日内调度中对当日影响系统运行的随机事件进行分类并将其量化影响反馈至调度模块;对系统内热/冷负荷端口进行能流分析,通过监测供回水压、水温等数据,快速响应热/冷负荷波动,并在实时调度中调整机组出力;建立日前、日内、实时三阶段优化调度模型,提出基于多能负荷波动快速响应的综合能源系统多时间尺度优化调度方法。以中国南方某城市综合能源系统冬季运行模式为例进行数值分析。结果表明,所提方法对计划性负荷调整及突发小幅负荷波动均有良好效果,能有效提升系统供能收益和用户的用能舒适度。

计及火电经济出力和最小技术出力的抽水蓄能合理规模预测

针对新型电力系统下论证抽水蓄能规模时,采用的多能互补平衡模型仅计及火电最小技术出力进行燃煤机组调峰所带来的深度调峰高昂的成本,忽略了燃煤机组与抽水蓄能机组协调运行的经济性问题,提出将火电经济出力系数与火电最小出力系数作为火电与抽水蓄能协调运行的判别指标,并将其纳入原多能互补平衡分析模型,从经济性角度,以总年费用最小为目标,预测抽水蓄能规模。以某电网为实例,阐述抽水蓄能规模的论证过程,可为类似电网电源发展规划和工程前期设计工作提供借鉴。

基于主从博弈的工业园区综合能源系统氢储能优化配置

在源、网分离模式下中小规模的工业园区综合能源系统中,薄弱的外部供能网络和较高的用热负荷需求引起了系统能量失衡和运营商盈利模式单一等问题。为改善能量平衡,提高能源系统运营商收益水平,结合氢储能多能联供联储的优点,设计由运营商配置氢储能的工业园区综合能源系统基本架构;参考现有价格-能量博弈模式,构建含氢储能的综合能源系统及各参与主体的博弈模型,提出含氢储能的综合能源系统三阶段主从博弈框架。根据博弈的阶段性特点,提出基于遗传算法和混合整数优化的三阶段主从博弈求解方法。算例分析表明,通过优化配置氢储能可有效改善工业园区综合能源系统的能量平衡并提高能源系统运营商的收益。

Combustion and energy balance of aluminum holding furnace with bottom porous brick purging system

For acquiring the details in aluminum holding furnace with bottom porous brick purging system,efforts were performed to try to find out the potential optimal operation schemes.By adopting transient analysis scheme and constant boundary temperature,combustion in the furnace was investigated numerically using computational fluid dynamics(CFD).The predicted gas temperature shows good agreement with the measured results,and the predicted energy distribution of the furnace is consistent with that obtained from energy balance experiment,which confirms the reliability of the numerical solution.The results show that as the fuel-air mixture temperature rises up from 300 K to 500 K,the energy utilization of the furnace could increase from 34.55% to 37.14%.However,as the excess air coefficient increases from 1.0 to 1.4,energy utilization drops from 34.55% to 29.56%.Increasing the combustion temperature is the most effective way to improve the energy efficiency of the furnace.High reactant temperature and medium excess air coefficient are recommended for high operation performance,and keeping the furnace jamb sealed well for avoiding leakage has to be emphasized.

Numerical Simulation of Multi-Directional Random Wave Transformation in a Yacht Port

This paper extends a prediction model for multi-directional random wave transformation based on an energy balance equation by Mase with the consideration of wave shoaling, refraction, diffraction, reflection and breaking. This numerical model is improved by 1) introducing Wen's frequency spectrum and Mitsuyasu's directional function, which are more suitable to the coastal area of China; 2) considering energy dissipation caused by bottom friction, which ensures more accurate results for large-scale and shallow water areas; 3) taking into account a non-linear dispersion relation. Predictions using the extended wave model are carried out to study the feasibility of constructing the Ai Hua yacht port in Qingdao, China, with a comparison between two port layouts in design. Wave fields inside the port for different incident wave directions, water levels and return periods are simulated, and then two kinds of parameters are calculated to evaluate the wave conditions for the two layouts. Analyses show that Layout I is better than Layout II. Calculation results also show that the harbor will be calm for different wave directions under the design water level. On the contrary, the wave conditions do not wholly meet the requirements of a yacht port for ship berthing under the extreme water level. For safety consideration, the elevation of the breakwater might need to be properly increased to prevent wave overtopping under such water level. The extended numerical simulation model may provide an effective approach to computing wave heights in a harbor.

Analyzing Heat Extraction and Sustainability of EGS with a Novel Model

We investigate the subsurface heat exchange process in EGS （enhanced geothermal systems） with a previously developed novel model. This model treats the porous heat reservoir as an equivalent porous medium of a single porosity. However, it considers local thermal non-equilibrium between solid rock matrix and fluid flowing in the factures and employs two energy conservation equations to describe heat transfer in the rock matrix and in the fractures, respectively, enabling the modeling and analyses of convective heat exchange in the heat reservoir. Another salient feature of this model is its capability of simulating the complete subsurface heat exchange process in EGS. The EGS subsurface geometry of interest physically consists of multiple domains： open channels for injection and production wells, the artificial heat reservoir, and the rocks enclosing the heat reservoir, while computationally we treat it as a single-domain of multiple sub-regions associated with different sets of characteristic properties （porosity and permeability, etc.）. This circumvents typical difficulties about matching boundary conditions between sub-domains in traditional multi-domain approaches and facilitates numerical implementation and simulation of the complete subsurface heat exchange process. This model is used to perform a comprehensive parametric study with respect to an imaginary doublet EGS. Effects of several parameters, including the permeability of heat reservoir, heat exchange coefficient in the heat reservoir, the specific area of fractures in the heat reservoir, and thermal compensation from surrounding rocks, on the heat extraction efficiency and EGS lifetime are analyzed.

Germ layer formation during Xenopus embryogenesis: the balance between pluripotency and differentiation

The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, has long been a model animal for the studies in the fields of animal cloning, developmental biology, biochemistry, cell biology, and physiology. With the aid of Xenopus, major molecular mechanisms that are involved in embryonic development have been understood. Germ layer formation is the first event of embryonic cellular differentiation, which is induced by a few key maternal factors and subsequently by zygotic signals. Meanwhile, another type of signals, the pluripotency factors in ES cells, which maintain the undifferentiated state, are also present during early embryonic cells. In this review, the functions of the pluripotency factors during Xenopus germ layer formation and the regulatory relationship between the signals that promote differentiation and pluripotency factors are discussed.

Theoretical and Computational Analyses of LNG Evaporator

Theoretical and numerical analysis on the fluid flow and heat transfer inside a LNG evaporator is conducted in this work. Methane is used instead of LNG as the operating fluid. This is because; methane constitutes over 80% of natural gas. The analytical calculations are performed using simple mass and energy balance equations. The analytical calculations are made to assess the pressure and temperature variations in the steam tube. Multiphase numerical simulations are performed by solving the governing equations(basic flow equations of continuity, momentum and energy equations) in a portion of the evaporator domain consisting of a single steam pipe. The flow equations are solved along with equations of species transport. Multiphase modeling is incorporated using VOF method. Liquid methane is the primary phase. It vaporizes into the secondary phase gaseous methane. Steam is another secondary phase which flows through the heating coils. Turbulence is modeled by a two equation turbulence model. Both the theoretical and numerical predictions are seen to match well with each other. Further parametric studies are planned based on the current research.