理解:开始与终结

哲学解释学、人类学和社会学可以被看作对理解和解释进行研究的三种不同方式,它们分别关注理解本身、理解的对象和理解的方式。作为人的一种基本存在方式,理解开始于人类认识世界的心理需求和增进交往的实践需要。当我们把一种陌生的文化现象作为司空见惯的东西包容在我们的知识信念系统中,或者把这种文化现象作为我们的知识信念的一个逻辑蕴涵,我们就达成了对这个现象的理解。第一种理解会导致对文化多样性的承认,第二种理解实际上倚赖于某种维系文化多样性的文化共性。但是理解有其限度,在理解的尽头,人类需要宽容和用来约束交往的规则。

An Improved High Fan-in Domino Circuit for High Performance Microprocessors

An improved high fan-in domino circuit is proposed. The nMOS pull-down network of the circuit is divided into several blocks to reduce the capacitance of the dynamic node and each block only needs a small keeper transistor to maintain the noise margin. Because we omit the footer transistor, the circuit has better performance than the standard domino circuit. A 64-input OR-gate implemented with the structure is simulated using HSPICE under typical conditions of 0.13μm CMOS technology. The average delay of the circuit is 63.9ps, the average power dissipation is 32.4μW, and the area is l15μm^2. Compared to compound domino logic, the proposed circuit can reduce delay and power dissipation by 55% and 38%, respectively.

CIRCUIT TESTABLE DESIGN AND UNIVERSAL TEST SETS FOR MULTIPLE-VALUED LOGIC FUNCTIONS

The circuit testable realizations of multiple-valued functions are studied in this letter. First of all,it is shown that one vector detects all skew faults in multiplication modulo circuits or in addi-tion modulo circuits,and n+1 vectors detect all skew faults in the circuit realization of multiple-valued functions with n inputs. Secondly,min(max) bridging fault test sets with n+2 vectors are pre-sented for the circuit realizations of multiple-valued logic functions. Finally,a tree structure is used instead of cascade structure to reduce the delay in the circuit realization,it is shown that three vec-tors are sufficient to detect all single stuck-at faults in the tree structure realization of multiple-valued logic functions.

Underdetermination, Multiplicity, and Mathematical Logic

Whether a collection of scientific data can be explained only by a unique theory or whether such data can be equally explained by multiple theories is one of the more contested issues in the history and philosophy of science. This paper argues that the case for multiple explanations is strengthened by the widespread failure of models in mathematical logic to be unique, i.e., categorical. Science is taken to require replicable and explicit public knowledge; this necessitates an unambiguous language for its transmission. Mathematics has been chosen as the vehicle to transmit scientific knowledge, both because of its ＂unreasonable effectiveness＂ and because of its unambiguous nature, hence the vogue of axiomatic systems. But mathematical logic tells us that axiomatic systems need not refer to uniquely defined real structures. Hence what is accepted as science may be only one of several possibilities.

Different Forms of Rationalities in Aristotle： From Being to Acting

Every philosophical system of Aristotle is structured around different forms of rationalities. Each form of rationality, according to its method, object, and purpose, seeks to apprehend and to know a specific dimension of being, because being manifests itself in many ways, that is, the totality of reality. Yet, each form of understanding the being has its epistemological and ontological status, always anchored in the logic criteria. In general, the aim of the paper is to characterize some aspects of the main forms of rationalities in the thought of Aristotle, i.e., demonstrative, dialectic, physics, metaphysics, productive, and practices. But before that, succinctly, it is necessary to talk about the different dimensions of being and teleology.

Variable Rate Technology and Cotton Yield Response in Texas

Variable Rate Technology （VRT） takes within-field variability into consideration and aims to match resource application to crop requirement. Even though Texas is the most important cotton producing state in the US, the rate of VRT adoption is very low here. Hence, analyzing the factors influencing the adoption and providing a regional estimate of the impact of VRT adoption on cotton yield is very important. This study used the 2009 Southern Cotton Precision Farming Survey to analyze the farm and farmer characteristics affecting the adoption of VRT among Texas cotton farmers and to empirically estimate the impact of adoption of VRT on cotton yield in Texas. A two-stage least square procedure with a logistic regression model in the first stage and a multiple linear regression model in the second stage was used to analyze the data. The study revealed that there are significant regional differences in adoption pattern within the state of Texas; and the farmers from the coastal region, where there is higher within-field variability, were more likely to adopt VRT compared to other regions. Younger farmers, farmers managing larger farms, and farmers who use computers for farming operations were more likely to adopt VRT. The results also showed that, on an average, the adoption of VRT does not lead to significant yield improvements for cotton in Texas. Since the impact of VRT adoption on yield is not significant, the source of economic advantage of VRT adoption in Texas may be the reduction of input cost.

Rapid generation of genetic diversity by multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in rice

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)-associated endonuclease 9(CRISPR/Cas9) system has emerged as a promising technology for specific genome editing in many species. Here we constructed one vector targeting eight agronomic genes in rice using the CRISPR/Cas9 multiplex genome editing system. By subsequent genetic transformation and DNA sequencing, we found that the eight target genes have high mutation efficiencies in the T_0 generation. Both heterozygous and homozygous mutations of all editing genes were obtained in T_0 plants. In addition, homozygous sextuple, septuple, and octuple mutants were identified. As the abundant genotypes in T_0 transgenic plants, various phenotypes related to the editing genes were observed. The findings demonstrate the potential of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for rapid introduction of genetic diversity during crop breeding.

Man-machine verification of mouse trajectory based on the random forest model

Identifying code has been widely used in man-machine verification to maintain network security.The challenge in engaging man-machine verification involves the correct classification of man and machine tracks.In this study,we propose a random forest(RF)model for man-machine verification based on the mouse movement trajectory dataset.We also compare the RF model with the baseline models(logistic regression and support vector machine)based on performance metrics such as precision,recall,false positive rates,false negative rates,F-measure,and weighted accuracy.The performance metrics of the RF model exceed those of the baseline models.