According to the national standard(2006)on tropical cyclone(TC)intensity,TCs are categorized into six intensity types,namely,tropical depression(TD),tropical storm(TS),severe tropical storm(STS), typhoon(TY),severe ty...According to the national standard(2006)on tropical cyclone(TC)intensity,TCs are categorized into six intensity types,namely,tropical depression(TD),tropical storm(TS),severe tropical storm(STS), typhoon(TY),severe typhoon(STY),and super severe typhoon(SSTY).Fifty-eight years(1949–2006)of the datasets from the Yearbook of Typhoons and Yearbook of Tropical Cyclones were used to study the variation characteristics of TCs making landfalls in China's Mainland,Hainan and Taiwan islands.The main results are as follows.First,interannual or interdecadal variations in the number of landfalling TCs at different intensities exist.As far as long-term trends are concerned,the TD and TS frequencies show a significant linearly decreasing trend while those of STY show a significant linearly increasing trend.Second, a significant period of 6–8 years exist in the variations of annual landfalling TD,TS,and STS frequencies while quasi-16-year periods are found in the annual TY frequency.Third,TD and TS are generated mostly over the South China Sea,while TY,STY,and SSTY mostly over the waters southeast of the Bashi Channel and the ocean to the east of the Philippines.Fourth,as far as interdecadal trends are concerned,the frequencies of landfalling TD and TS generated over the South China Sea show significant linearly decreasing trends.However,TY and STY show significant linearly increasing trends.展开更多
Though light conditions are known to affect the development and anti-predation strategies of several aquatic species, relatively little is known about how different species react to light, or how light can affect thes...Though light conditions are known to affect the development and anti-predation strategies of several aquatic species, relatively little is known about how different species react to light, or how light can affect these species during different points in their life-cycle. In this study, we used four sympatric anuran tadpoles （Bufo gargarizans, B. melanostictus, Pelophylax nigromaculatus and Microhyla fissipes） as animal system to examine species-specific activities of the underdoing different light intensity treatments, so as to better understand how they respond to light. We exposed four different species of tadpoles to 1660 and 14 lux light intensity treatments and then measured several parameters including development stage, body length and tail length, and as well as their basic activities. The results of this observation and analysis showed that the activities of tadpoles were significantly greater in B. gargarizans and B. melanostictus than in P. nigromaculatus and M. fissipes; and were also significantly greater during times of high light intensity as compared to during low light intensity. Moreover, the observed relationship between species and light intensity was significant. The activities ofB. gargarizans and B. melanostictus tadpoles were greater in high light, while the activity of P. nigromaculatus tadpoles was greater in low light intensity, while M. fissipes tadpoles showed no differences in either low or high intensity light. Furthermore, the activities orB. gargarizans, B. melanostictus and M. fissipes tadpoles in terms of developmental stage, body size or tail length did not seem to differ with light intensity, but during early larval developmental period of P. nigromaculatus, the activity of tadpoles was negatively correlated with development stage, but irrelevant to either body size or tail length in different light intensities. These results lead us to conclude the observed activities of the four sympatric anuran tadpoles are closely correlated with their specific anti-predation strategies.展开更多
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(40765002)Public Interest Research Special Foundation(meteorology)of China(200906002)
文摘According to the national standard(2006)on tropical cyclone(TC)intensity,TCs are categorized into six intensity types,namely,tropical depression(TD),tropical storm(TS),severe tropical storm(STS), typhoon(TY),severe typhoon(STY),and super severe typhoon(SSTY).Fifty-eight years(1949–2006)of the datasets from the Yearbook of Typhoons and Yearbook of Tropical Cyclones were used to study the variation characteristics of TCs making landfalls in China's Mainland,Hainan and Taiwan islands.The main results are as follows.First,interannual or interdecadal variations in the number of landfalling TCs at different intensities exist.As far as long-term trends are concerned,the TD and TS frequencies show a significant linearly decreasing trend while those of STY show a significant linearly increasing trend.Second, a significant period of 6–8 years exist in the variations of annual landfalling TD,TS,and STS frequencies while quasi-16-year periods are found in the annual TY frequency.Third,TD and TS are generated mostly over the South China Sea,while TY,STY,and SSTY mostly over the waters southeast of the Bashi Channel and the ocean to the east of the Philippines.Fourth,as far as interdecadal trends are concerned,the frequencies of landfalling TD and TS generated over the South China Sea show significant linearly decreasing trends.However,TY and STY show significant linearly increasing trends.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30970435,31270443)the Zhejiang Provincial National Science Foundation of China(C030403)+1 种基金the Open Research Fund program of Laboratory of Lishui University(2014-26-10)the Scientific Research Foundation of Ph.D.in Lishui University(QD1301)
文摘Though light conditions are known to affect the development and anti-predation strategies of several aquatic species, relatively little is known about how different species react to light, or how light can affect these species during different points in their life-cycle. In this study, we used four sympatric anuran tadpoles （Bufo gargarizans, B. melanostictus, Pelophylax nigromaculatus and Microhyla fissipes） as animal system to examine species-specific activities of the underdoing different light intensity treatments, so as to better understand how they respond to light. We exposed four different species of tadpoles to 1660 and 14 lux light intensity treatments and then measured several parameters including development stage, body length and tail length, and as well as their basic activities. The results of this observation and analysis showed that the activities of tadpoles were significantly greater in B. gargarizans and B. melanostictus than in P. nigromaculatus and M. fissipes; and were also significantly greater during times of high light intensity as compared to during low light intensity. Moreover, the observed relationship between species and light intensity was significant. The activities ofB. gargarizans and B. melanostictus tadpoles were greater in high light, while the activity of P. nigromaculatus tadpoles was greater in low light intensity, while M. fissipes tadpoles showed no differences in either low or high intensity light. Furthermore, the activities orB. gargarizans, B. melanostictus and M. fissipes tadpoles in terms of developmental stage, body size or tail length did not seem to differ with light intensity, but during early larval developmental period of P. nigromaculatus, the activity of tadpoles was negatively correlated with development stage, but irrelevant to either body size or tail length in different light intensities. These results lead us to conclude the observed activities of the four sympatric anuran tadpoles are closely correlated with their specific anti-predation strategies.
