Household consumption is one of the important factors that induce COL emission. Based on input-output model, this article calculated the intensity of CO2 emission of different income groups and seven provinces in Chin...Household consumption is one of the important factors that induce COL emission. Based on input-output model, this article calculated the intensity of CO2 emission of different income groups and seven provinces in China, and then estimated total CO2 emission induced by urban household consumption from 1995 to 2004 in China based on statistic data of household living expenditure. The results show that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption had increased from 1583 to 2498 kg CO2 during 1995-2004. The ratio of consumption-induced CO2 emission to total CO2 emission had risen from 19% to 30% in the past decade. Indirect CO2 emission accounted for an important part of the consumption-induced emission, the ratio of indirect emission to consumption-induced emission had risen from 69% to 79% during the same period. A significant difference in consumption-induced CO2 emission across different income groups and different regions has been observed. COs emission per capita of higher income groups and developed regions increased faster than that of lower income groups and developing regions. Changing lifestyle has driven significant increase in CO2 emission. Especially, increases in private transport expenditure （for example, vehicle expenditure） and house building expenditure are key driving factors of growth in consumption-induced COL emission. There are big differences in the amount of CO2 emission induced by change in lifestyle across different income groups and provinces. It can be expected that lower income households and developing regions will increase consumption to improve their livings with income growth in the future, which may induce much more CO2 emission. A reasonable level of CO2 emission is necessary to satisfy human needs and to improve living standard, but a noticeable fact is that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption in developed areas of China had reached a quite high level. Adjustment in lifestyle towards a low-carbon society is in urgent need.展开更多
The copper(II) complex [Cu(teta)N(CN)2](ClO4)H2O (teta = 5,7,7,12,14,14- hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) has been synthesized and the crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction....The copper(II) complex [Cu(teta)N(CN)2](ClO4)H2O (teta = 5,7,7,12,14,14- hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) has been synthesized and the crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal data: C18H38ClCuN7O5, monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 8.796(3), b = 11.885(4), c = 23.054(9) , b = 97.540(4)o, V = 2389.3(15) 3, Mr = 531.54, Z = 4, Dc = 1.478 g/cm3, F(000) = 1124, ?= 1.070 mm-1, the final R = 0.0566 and wR = 0.1162 for 4749 observed reflections (I > 2s(I)). The center copper ion is coordinated by five nitrogen atoms in a square pyramidal geometry, with four from the macrocyclic ligand teta and the other one from a nitrile nitrogen atom of dicyanamide which is coordinated to the metal atoms as uni-dentate manner via nitrile nitrogen atom.展开更多
The direct sulfation of limestone from different sources in Iran was studiedin a thermogravimetric analyzer under atmospheric pressure. All limestone samples tested have higherthan 97% CaCO_3. Experimental conditions ...The direct sulfation of limestone from different sources in Iran was studiedin a thermogravimetric analyzer under atmospheric pressure. All limestone samples tested have higherthan 97% CaCO_3. Experimental conditions were as follows: particle size levels ranging from 1.6 μmto 7.8 μm, four level reaction temperatures (700℃, 750℃, 800℃ and 850℃), and two SO_2concentrations (2.4 x 10^(-3) and 3.2 x 10^(-3) mol · mol^(-1)). The particle size and temperatureshowed dominant influences on the rate and level of conversion while the effect of SO_2concentration was weak. The shrinking core model can be used to describe the behavior of thesulfation process. The reaction kinetics and diffusion mechanism are both important in controllingthe rate of the process. The two key parameters of the model, chemical rate constant K_s andeffective diffusion coefficient D_(eff) were obtained. Model predictions are in good agreement withthe experimental data.展开更多
There are obvious biennial phenomena of circulation, meteorological and climatic elements in the troposphere, named as Tropospheric (Quasi-) Biennial Oscillation (TBO). Many phenomena of TBO are discovered, such as va...There are obvious biennial phenomena of circulation, meteorological and climatic elements in the troposphere, named as Tropospheric (Quasi-) Biennial Oscillation (TBO). Many phenomena of TBO are discovered, such as variations of TBO in tropospheric temperature, pressure, winds field, monsoon and subtropical high etc. The mechanism of TBO is explored and the results demonstrate that tropical ocean (the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, mainly) and Stratospheric QBO play important roles in the TBO. In addition, Eurasian snow cover and solar activity of 11yr period can affect TBO very possibly.展开更多
The economic development bring serious environmental problems to China, the quality of atmospheric environment has an important bearing on the forecast. Be aimed at the complexity and non-linear of the quality of atmo...The economic development bring serious environmental problems to China, the quality of atmospheric environment has an important bearing on the forecast. Be aimed at the complexity and non-linear of the quality of atmospheric environment, chaos theory has been put forward which takes full advantage of using date information. Based on the reconstruction of time-series phase space of the quality of atmospheric environment with the use of least squares support vector machine theory, the atmospheric environment prediction model was built up, and 25 years of historical data viewed as the raw data of the quality of the environment in Benxi City, giving a practical example, it shows that the results forecasted by the least squares support vector machine and the actual results match the better the forecast accuracy also meet the engineering application.展开更多
Supercritical CO2appearing as bubbles in hydrothermal vents was identified in the south part of the Okinawa Trough using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Significantly, the N2peak in supercritical CO2is much larger than th...Supercritical CO2appearing as bubbles in hydrothermal vents was identified in the south part of the Okinawa Trough using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Significantly, the N2peak in supercritical CO2is much larger than those in seawater and vent fluids, indicating that supercritical CO2enriches N2from the surrounding environment. Considering that the partial pressures of CO2and N2in the Earth’s protoatmosphere were 10–20 MPa, supercritical CO2with high N2was likely the dominant CO2phase near the water-air interface in the early history of the Earth, which promoted the synthesis, pre-enrichment and preservation of amino acids and other organic matters that are essential to the origin of life.展开更多
How would typhoon activity over the western North Pacific change for various scenarios of future global warming?Using the model projections of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3(CMIP 3)under the SRES A1...How would typhoon activity over the western North Pacific change for various scenarios of future global warming?Using the model projections of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3(CMIP 3)under the SRES A1B scenario,we generated summer(September)ice-free Arctic conditions,also referred to as Blue Arctic conditions,and then used the corresponding monthly sea surface temperature(SST)and a set of CO2concentrations to drive an AGCM model to simulate the resulting changes in background conditions affecting typhoon activity over the western North Pacific.Our results show that,during typhoon season(June to October),atmospheric and ocean circulations over the western North Pacific would be significantly different from the present circulations.Changes in the vertical shear of zonal wind and outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)in the western North Pacific are favorable for westward and northward shift,respectively,of the location of typhoon genesis.Moreover,changes in the above fields over the key area may be conducive to less frequent typhoons.In addition,the tropical cyclone genesis potential index(GPI)over the western North Pacific would decrease(increase)east(west)of 150°E(140°E).展开更多
文摘Household consumption is one of the important factors that induce COL emission. Based on input-output model, this article calculated the intensity of CO2 emission of different income groups and seven provinces in China, and then estimated total CO2 emission induced by urban household consumption from 1995 to 2004 in China based on statistic data of household living expenditure. The results show that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption had increased from 1583 to 2498 kg CO2 during 1995-2004. The ratio of consumption-induced CO2 emission to total CO2 emission had risen from 19% to 30% in the past decade. Indirect CO2 emission accounted for an important part of the consumption-induced emission, the ratio of indirect emission to consumption-induced emission had risen from 69% to 79% during the same period. A significant difference in consumption-induced CO2 emission across different income groups and different regions has been observed. COs emission per capita of higher income groups and developed regions increased faster than that of lower income groups and developing regions. Changing lifestyle has driven significant increase in CO2 emission. Especially, increases in private transport expenditure （for example, vehicle expenditure） and house building expenditure are key driving factors of growth in consumption-induced COL emission. There are big differences in the amount of CO2 emission induced by change in lifestyle across different income groups and provinces. It can be expected that lower income households and developing regions will increase consumption to improve their livings with income growth in the future, which may induce much more CO2 emission. A reasonable level of CO2 emission is necessary to satisfy human needs and to improve living standard, but a noticeable fact is that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption in developed areas of China had reached a quite high level. Adjustment in lifestyle towards a low-carbon society is in urgent need.
基金The project was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of University of Jiangsu Province (No. 03KJB150118) and Funds of Key laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
文摘The copper(II) complex [Cu(teta)N(CN)2](ClO4)H2O (teta = 5,7,7,12,14,14- hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) has been synthesized and the crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal data: C18H38ClCuN7O5, monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 8.796(3), b = 11.885(4), c = 23.054(9) , b = 97.540(4)o, V = 2389.3(15) 3, Mr = 531.54, Z = 4, Dc = 1.478 g/cm3, F(000) = 1124, ?= 1.070 mm-1, the final R = 0.0566 and wR = 0.1162 for 4749 observed reflections (I > 2s(I)). The center copper ion is coordinated by five nitrogen atoms in a square pyramidal geometry, with four from the macrocyclic ligand teta and the other one from a nitrile nitrogen atom of dicyanamide which is coordinated to the metal atoms as uni-dentate manner via nitrile nitrogen atom.
文摘The direct sulfation of limestone from different sources in Iran was studiedin a thermogravimetric analyzer under atmospheric pressure. All limestone samples tested have higherthan 97% CaCO_3. Experimental conditions were as follows: particle size levels ranging from 1.6 μmto 7.8 μm, four level reaction temperatures (700℃, 750℃, 800℃ and 850℃), and two SO_2concentrations (2.4 x 10^(-3) and 3.2 x 10^(-3) mol · mol^(-1)). The particle size and temperatureshowed dominant influences on the rate and level of conversion while the effect of SO_2concentration was weak. The shrinking core model can be used to describe the behavior of thesulfation process. The reaction kinetics and diffusion mechanism are both important in controllingthe rate of the process. The two key parameters of the model, chemical rate constant K_s andeffective diffusion coefficient D_(eff) were obtained. Model predictions are in good agreement withthe experimental data.
基金Scaling Project of the open foundation by Guangzhou Institute of Tropical Marine and Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration-"Preliminary study on interdecadal variability of TBO".
文摘There are obvious biennial phenomena of circulation, meteorological and climatic elements in the troposphere, named as Tropospheric (Quasi-) Biennial Oscillation (TBO). Many phenomena of TBO are discovered, such as variations of TBO in tropospheric temperature, pressure, winds field, monsoon and subtropical high etc. The mechanism of TBO is explored and the results demonstrate that tropical ocean (the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, mainly) and Stratospheric QBO play important roles in the TBO. In addition, Eurasian snow cover and solar activity of 11yr period can affect TBO very possibly.
文摘The economic development bring serious environmental problems to China, the quality of atmospheric environment has an important bearing on the forecast. Be aimed at the complexity and non-linear of the quality of atmospheric environment, chaos theory has been put forward which takes full advantage of using date information. Based on the reconstruction of time-series phase space of the quality of atmospheric environment with the use of least squares support vector machine theory, the atmospheric environment prediction model was built up, and 25 years of historical data viewed as the raw data of the quality of the environment in Benxi City, giving a practical example, it shows that the results forecasted by the least squares support vector machine and the actual results match the better the forecast accuracy also meet the engineering application.
基金This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA22050100),the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,41822604,41576104),the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0302103)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,of Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDB-SSW-DQC004)+2 种基金the NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers(U1606401)the Young Taishan Scholars Program(tsqn201909158)the Laboratory for Marine Geology,Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)(MGQNLM-TD201904).Any additional data can be obtained from Xin Zhang.
文摘Supercritical CO2appearing as bubbles in hydrothermal vents was identified in the south part of the Okinawa Trough using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Significantly, the N2peak in supercritical CO2is much larger than those in seawater and vent fluids, indicating that supercritical CO2enriches N2from the surrounding environment. Considering that the partial pressures of CO2and N2in the Earth’s protoatmosphere were 10–20 MPa, supercritical CO2with high N2was likely the dominant CO2phase near the water-air interface in the early history of the Earth, which promoted the synthesis, pre-enrichment and preservation of amino acids and other organic matters that are essential to the origin of life.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2012CB955401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41130103)Norwegian Research Council project "East-Asia DecCen"
文摘How would typhoon activity over the western North Pacific change for various scenarios of future global warming?Using the model projections of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3(CMIP 3)under the SRES A1B scenario,we generated summer(September)ice-free Arctic conditions,also referred to as Blue Arctic conditions,and then used the corresponding monthly sea surface temperature(SST)and a set of CO2concentrations to drive an AGCM model to simulate the resulting changes in background conditions affecting typhoon activity over the western North Pacific.Our results show that,during typhoon season(June to October),atmospheric and ocean circulations over the western North Pacific would be significantly different from the present circulations.Changes in the vertical shear of zonal wind and outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)in the western North Pacific are favorable for westward and northward shift,respectively,of the location of typhoon genesis.Moreover,changes in the above fields over the key area may be conducive to less frequent typhoons.In addition,the tropical cyclone genesis potential index(GPI)over the western North Pacific would decrease(increase)east(west)of 150°E(140°E).
