The Warsaw Uprising is one of the events key to understanding not only the history of Poland but also Central Europe and World War II. The Uprising shows that the war was not a simple fight of good against evil （as i...The Warsaw Uprising is one of the events key to understanding not only the history of Poland but also Central Europe and World War II. The Uprising shows that the war was not a simple fight of good against evil （as it often perceived in Western Europe） but that in fact three sides, each with different goals, were involved--two totalitarian systems and the world of Western democracies. Memory is a phenomenon that is directly related to the present; our perception of the past is always influenced by the present. The aim of the author＇s presentation is to examine how the collective memory of Polish people about the Warsaw Rising was changing. The author would argue that the remembrance of this event is situated between the communicative memory and cultural memory. To prove it, the author will examine two movies： Sewer （1956） by Andrzej Wajda, Eroica （1956） by Andrzej Munk, and the narrative exhibition of the Warsaw Rising Museum.展开更多
Memories regarding the history of the Second Sino-Japanese War （1931-1945） and World War il （1939-1945） have always been refreshed in the minds of contemporaries through the retelling of ＂historical war stories＂...Memories regarding the history of the Second Sino-Japanese War （1931-1945） and World War il （1939-1945） have always been refreshed in the minds of contemporaries through the retelling of ＂historical war stories＂ in various forms including books, posters, films and other media presentations. However, these retellings are often criticised by some academics as distortion of historical facts. This is because many of the present generation of readers and audiences were not even born at the time the events happened. Thus, ＂historical facts＂ of this era are, in reality, very vague in people＇s minds and their ＂facts＂ are often simply a construction of frequently retold ＂historical war stories＂ mixed with imagination. This article will argue that even immediately after the end of both wars in 1945, fresh history memory was already distorted, with China being the main victim. Following the end of World War II, there was an extensive publication of books and periodicals about the war. However, through varied interpretations of primary sources and use of visual materials in different ways, various positions were created to suit specific needs for justification of China＇s desire to be part of the camp of world powers after 1945. Similar diverse positions were also used to make political arguments criticising both the Axis and Allied Powers for working toward different political ends.展开更多
Objective To investigate the cold preservation effect on rat livers of a modified storage method with self-made HYD solution.Methods The vascular bed of rat livers was expanded with an additional 20 to 40?ml self-ma...Objective To investigate the cold preservation effect on rat livers of a modified storage method with self-made HYD solution.Methods The vascular bed of rat livers was expanded with an additional 20 to 40?ml self-made HYD solution/100?g liver. After resection of the liver, the extra HYD solution (expressed as % liver weight) was entrapped via portal infusion by tying off the supra- and infra-hepatic inferior vena cava. Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups including control group with conventional storage method, and 20%, 30% and 40% groups according to the amount of extra HYD solution. We compared the preservation effect of the modified storage method with that of the conventional storage method using an isolated perfused rat liver model.Results Bile production and all the indices of hepatic microcirculation including portal perfusion pressure, endothelin-1 in the effluent, trypan blue distribution time and histology were significantly superior in the modified method groups compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). The contents of dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) in the modified method groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Liver enzymes activities in the 30% group were markedly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The preservation effect on rat liver in the 30% group was the best among the modified method groups.Conclusion The modified cold storage method is effective and may have potential for clinical application in liver preservation.展开更多
文摘The Warsaw Uprising is one of the events key to understanding not only the history of Poland but also Central Europe and World War II. The Uprising shows that the war was not a simple fight of good against evil （as it often perceived in Western Europe） but that in fact three sides, each with different goals, were involved--two totalitarian systems and the world of Western democracies. Memory is a phenomenon that is directly related to the present; our perception of the past is always influenced by the present. The aim of the author＇s presentation is to examine how the collective memory of Polish people about the Warsaw Rising was changing. The author would argue that the remembrance of this event is situated between the communicative memory and cultural memory. To prove it, the author will examine two movies： Sewer （1956） by Andrzej Wajda, Eroica （1956） by Andrzej Munk, and the narrative exhibition of the Warsaw Rising Museum.
文摘Memories regarding the history of the Second Sino-Japanese War （1931-1945） and World War il （1939-1945） have always been refreshed in the minds of contemporaries through the retelling of ＂historical war stories＂ in various forms including books, posters, films and other media presentations. However, these retellings are often criticised by some academics as distortion of historical facts. This is because many of the present generation of readers and audiences were not even born at the time the events happened. Thus, ＂historical facts＂ of this era are, in reality, very vague in people＇s minds and their ＂facts＂ are often simply a construction of frequently retold ＂historical war stories＂ mixed with imagination. This article will argue that even immediately after the end of both wars in 1945, fresh history memory was already distorted, with China being the main victim. Following the end of World War II, there was an extensive publication of books and periodicals about the war. However, through varied interpretations of primary sources and use of visual materials in different ways, various positions were created to suit specific needs for justification of China＇s desire to be part of the camp of world powers after 1945. Similar diverse positions were also used to make political arguments criticising both the Axis and Allied Powers for working toward different political ends.
基金theNationalNaturalScienceFoundationof China! (No 3 9470 682 )
文摘Objective To investigate the cold preservation effect on rat livers of a modified storage method with self-made HYD solution.Methods The vascular bed of rat livers was expanded with an additional 20 to 40?ml self-made HYD solution/100?g liver. After resection of the liver, the extra HYD solution (expressed as % liver weight) was entrapped via portal infusion by tying off the supra- and infra-hepatic inferior vena cava. Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups including control group with conventional storage method, and 20%, 30% and 40% groups according to the amount of extra HYD solution. We compared the preservation effect of the modified storage method with that of the conventional storage method using an isolated perfused rat liver model.Results Bile production and all the indices of hepatic microcirculation including portal perfusion pressure, endothelin-1 in the effluent, trypan blue distribution time and histology were significantly superior in the modified method groups compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). The contents of dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) in the modified method groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Liver enzymes activities in the 30% group were markedly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The preservation effect on rat liver in the 30% group was the best among the modified method groups.Conclusion The modified cold storage method is effective and may have potential for clinical application in liver preservation.
