光纤通信局域网断点故障大区间动态检测方法

针对当前方法无法实现光纤通信局域网断点故障类型和位置准确检测,以及动态检测区间较小的缺点,提出一种基于小波变换的光纤通信局域网断点故障大区间动态检测方法,采用三元组的形式描述光纤通信局域网进行光信号传输时的平均能耗,构建光纤通信局域网断点故障信号存储模型,依据该模型在光纤通信局域网断点故障信号能量临界条件下,在Wigner-Ville分布空间中对断点故障信号进行融合,并计算断点故障在进行光信号传输过程中出现的能量波动和网络节点信号能量分布特征,在此基础上,利用子空间降维处理的方法对光纤通信局域网断点故障信号流的交叉项进行信息叠加,同时根据最小二乘法原理对叠加后的断点信号流信息进行拟合,获得光纤通信局域网断点故障信号特征;采用基于小波变换的阈值消除检测过程中的断点故障信号特征噪声干扰,同时采用小波模极大值对断点故障信号特征进行增强处理,实现光纤通信局域网断点故障大区间动态检测。实验结果显示,所提方法能够实现光纤通信局域网断点故障类型和位置准确检测,并且具有动态检测区间大的优点。

大区间施工维修分界点设置研究

为缓解铁路行车与施工维修作业的矛盾,提高人工和大型养路机械作业效率,在确保行车和施工安全的前提下,充分利用列车通过后的时间间隔或距离间隔,通过在较大区间设置施工维修分界点的方式,提高天窗利用率,增加设备管理单位施工维修纯作业时间。通过在中国铁路沈阳局集团有限公司通化工务段管内会同工务、车务、机务等单位,对大区间设置施工维修作业分界点的可行性进行了深度调研、试验和研讨,制定了大区间施工维修作业分界点办法,并对实施情况进行了跟踪指导,经过一段时间的实施,其综合效益较好。

大区间施工问题初探

区间距离过长的两站间或分界点间我们称之为“大区间”。一般区间距离在7～8km之间，列车运行时分在10min以内，这种区间无论是自动闭塞或半自动闭塞设备，施工要点均比较好安排；但若区间距离超过10km以上，列车运行时分超过10min，在目前列车密度大，运输任务重的情况下，要点施工，则很困难。

地铁高架长大区间非正常情况下行车组织探究

地铁已经越来越成为城市人们出行的首选交通工具,相对于城市郊区来说,城市中心的发展相对密集,城市市区与郊区相连大 多都采用高架线路,且大多数属于长大区间。地铁高架非正常行车组织具有一定的特殊性,本文即对此展开相关研究。

QTL Analysis of Agronomic Traits in Soybean

[Objective]The aim was to analyze QTL of agronomic traits in soybean and provide reference for a discussion on soybean genetic mechanism and genetic breeding. [Method]The composite interval mapping method was used for QTL location and genetic effects analysis on 5 quantitative traits including protein content,fat content,yield,100-grain weight and growth period. [Result]The control of these traits 4,4,1,2,5,a total of 16 QTL loci was detected. The genetic contribution rate was in 7.4%-33.7%,among which,a large main-effect QTL of the genetic contribution rate were located in linkage group I Satt562-Sat_219,Sat_219-Satt496,Sat_219-Satt496 interval of the three control protein content QTL sites,their genetic contribution rates were 29.15%,33.7 % and 31.67% respectively,all from the female parent Hefeng 25 plus minor gene; still in O linkage group Satt477-Satt331,Satt331-Satt153 interval of two control growing period QTL loci,their genetic contribution rates were up to 24.69% and 24.96%,also from the female parent Hefeng 25 plus minor gene. In addition,six QTL sites from M linkage group Satt175 （protein）,A1 linkage group Satt684 （oil）,F linkage group Satt348 （oil）,J linkage group Sat_412 （oil）,C1 linkage group Sat_416 （100-grain weight） and C1 linkage group Sat_416 （growth period） marks only 0.01 cm were detected. [Conclusion]QTL sites which had effects on the 5 important agronomic traits in soybean were located.

闭塞分区发码电路分析

浅析普速铁路区间继电编码车站中的区间发码电路和红灯转移电路。对正向追踪发码、反向不发码、红灯转移等技术要求的实现方式分别从单向与双向进行阐述与分析。

Application of Interval Newton Method to Solve Nonlinear Equations and Global Optimization

The basic principle of interval arithmetic and the basic algorithm of the interval Newton methods are introduced.The prototype algorithm can not find any zero in an interval that has zero sometimes,that is,it is instable.So the prototype relaxation procedure is improved in this paper.Additionally,an immediate test of the existence of a solution following branch_and_bound is proposed,which avoids unwanted computations in those intervals that have no solution.The numerical results demonstrat that the improved interval Newton method is superior to prototype algorithm in terms of solution quality,stability and convergent speed.

Applications of Three DNA Barcodes in Assorting Intertidal Red Macroalgal Flora in Qingdao, China

This study is part of the endeavor to construct a comprehensive DNA barcoding database for common seaweeds in China. Identifications of red seaweeds, which have simple morphology and anatomy, are sometimes difficult solely depending on morphological characteristics. In recent years, DNA barcode technique has become a more and more effective tool to help solve some of the taxonomic difficulties. Some DNA markers such as COI（cytochrome oxidase subunit I） are proposed as standardized DNA barcodes for all seaweed species. In this study, COI, UPA （universal plastid amplicon, domain V of 23S rRNA）, and ITS （nuclear internal transcribed spacer） were employed to analyze common species of intertidal red seaweeds in Qingdao （119.3°-121°E, 35.35°-37.09°N）. The applicability of using one or a few combined barcodes to identify red seaweed species was tested. The results indicated that COI is a sensitive marker at species level. However, not all the tested species gave PCR amplification products due to lack of the universal primers. The second barcode UPA had effective universal primers but needed to be tested for the effectiveness of resolving closely related species. More than one ITS sequence types were found in some species in this investigation, which might lead to confusion in further analysis. Therefore ITS sequence is not recommended as a universal barcode for seaweeds identification.

Reliability evaluation for Weibull distribution under multiply type-? censoring

The multiply type-I censoring represented that all units in life test were terminated at different times. For estimations of Weibull parameters, it was easy to compute the maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） and least-squares estimation （LSE） while it was hard to build confidence intervals （CI）. The concept of generalized confidence interval （GCI） was introduced to build CIs of parameters under multiply type-I censoring. Further, GCI based on LSE and GCI based on MLE were proposed. It is mathematically proved that the former is exact and the latter is approximate. Besides, a Monte Carlo simulation study and an illustrative example also Ran out that the GCI method based on LSE yields rather satisfactory results by comparison with the ones based on MLE. It should be clear that the GCI method is a sensible choice to evaluate reliability under multiply type-I censoring.

The Interval Graph Completion Problem for the Complete Multipartite Graphs

The interval graph completion problem of a graph G includes two class problems： the profile problem and the pathwidth problem, denoted as P（G） and PW（G） respectively, where the profile problem is to find an interval supergraph with the smallest possible number of edges; the pathwidth problem is to find an interval supergraph with the smallest possible cliquesize. These two class problems have important applications to numerical algebra, VLSI- layout and algorithm graph theory respectively; And they are known to be NP-complete for general graphs. Some classes of special graphs have been investigated in the literatures. In this paper the exact solutions of the profile and the pathwidth of the complete multipartite graph Kn1,n2,...nr （r≥ 2） are determined.

To Withstand Loneliness in the Process of Urbanization——Research on the Construction and Planning of Metropolitan Suburban Rural Tourism Scenic Areas

Abstract The conflicts between rurality and urbanization,tradition and modernity,industry and environmental resource in the rural tourism have become major difficulties of its sustainable development in China.This paper analyzed the characteristics and difficult situations of metropolitan suburban rural tourism,put forward four kinds of region-city functions in the development of metropolitan suburban rural tourism,and researched on the construction of rural tourism scenic areas in metropolis suburb—"to Withstand Loneliness in the Process of Urbanization"—as the following aspects:the space organization mode,localization,social organization and management,the product organization and spatial planning modes and contents.

Correlation Analysis of Gridding of Earthquakes in Datong and Its Surrounding Areas and Implication for Earthquake Prediction

On the basis of the earthquake （gL I〉3.0） catalog in North China from 1970 to 2009, the pattern of temporal and spatial distribution of medium-small earthquakes in Datong and its surrounding areas is studied by correlation analysis with a focus on its anomaly before moderate and strong earthquakes. With different spatial scales, temporal scales and time steps, the spatial distribution of earthquakes is converted to a sequence, then the correlation coefficients between the spatial distribution of medium-small earthquakes in a long-term and a longer time are calculated for the analysis of anomalies before moderate and strong earthquakes. In the study region center on the epicenter of the 1989 Datong- Yanggao earthquake （Ms5. 9） within a radius of less than 0.8~, with the time length of 3600 days, the longer time length of 3700 days, and the time step of 100 days, the correlation coefficient from 1980 to 2009 is steady between 0.94 and 1.00, but there were anomalies with values less than 0. 94 in the 2 years before the 1989 Datong-Yanggao earthquake （Ms 5.9）, the 1991 Datong earthquake （ Ms 5.8） and 1999 Hunyuan earthquake （Ms 5. 6 ）, which indicates the spatial distribution of a medium-small earthquake is very different from steady background seismicity. The implication for earthquake prediction from the anomaly of the correlation coefficient is also discussed with the three conclusions： （1） Before moderate and strong earthquakes in Datong and its surrounding areas, the obvious change of spatial distribution patterns of medium-small earthquake can be a kind of seismic precursor of the 2-year time scale for the prediction of an earthquake＇s time. （2） As the study region is restricted within a radius of less than 0. 8~, the result of correlation analysis is also good for the prediction of an earthquake＇s location. （3） The method of correlation analysis in this paper helps recognize the anomaly of spatial distribution of medium-small earthquake.

对在国有铁路企业公司制改革形势下, 车务段发展的研究

现有的国有铁路企业管理模式为国家铁路集团下属各铁路局集团,各铁路局集团又管理着系统的站段,可以说站段是集团的基础,是管理一线、生产一线, 起着对集团发展、创效增收至关重要的作用。本文着重研究铁路车务段在国有铁路企业公司制改革形势下的发展。车务段管辖的中间站多数为远离城市或地处偏远山区,或是依托工业企业建立的车站。这些车站通常站与站间相距 10 千米左右,且只办理列车通过或会让等作业,或是只针对于某个工业企业的装卸车作业。随着地方生产结构布局的改变,原有的工业企业搬迁或是关停,导致工业型车站没有了相关联的运输生产业务。在国有铁路企业公司制改革过程中,怎样优化车务段生产结构,促进企业发展。本文重点研究,一在运输过程中实行大区间集中统一调度,减少运输途中的作业环节,减少人工环节,降低作业成本,既节支又缩短了运输时间,提高了运输效率。二实行大区间集中统一调度,势必产生减少了现有就业岗位,调整下来的职工如何安排。优化生产结构不等于砸饭碗,保稳定才能促进企业发展。可利用现有资源开拓市场,突出特色、特有优势,多元发展。既配合了生产结构优化调整,又疏解了剩余劳动力就业问题,在运输生产节支减时提效中,既保证了企业稳定又促进了多元发展,实现增效创收。

Soil moisture drought detection and multi-temporal variability across China

Soil moisture droughts can trigger abnormal changes of material and energy cycles in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system,leading to important effects on local ecosystem,weather,and climate.Drought detection and understanding benefit disaster alleviation,as well as weather and climate predictions based on the understanding the land-atmosphere interactions.We thus simulated soil moisture using land surface model CLM3.5 driven with observed climate in China,and corrected wet bias in soil moisture simulations via introducing soil porosity parameter into soil water parameterization scheme.Then we defined soil moisture drought to quantify spatiotemporal variability of droughts.Over the period from 1951 to 2008,40%of months(to the sum of 12×58)underwent droughts,with the average area of 54.6%of total land area of China's Mainland.The annual monthly drought numbers presented a significant decrease in arid regions,but a significant increase in semi-arid and semi-humid regions,a decrease in humid regions but not significant.The Mainland as a whole experienced an increasing drought trend,with77.3%of areal ratio of decrease to increase.The monthly droughts in winter were the strongest but the weakest in summer,impacting 54.3%and 8.4%total area of the Mainland,respectively.The drought lasting three months or more occurred mainly in the semi-arid and semi-humid regions,with probability>51.7%,even>77.6%,whereas those lasting 6 and 12 months or more impacted mainly across arid and semi-arid regions.

Application of profile likelihood function to the uncertainty analysis of hydrometeorological extreme inference

Profile likelihood function is introduced to analyze the uncertainty of hydrometeorological extreme inference and the theory of estimating confidence intervals of the key parameters and quantiles of extreme value distribution by profile likelihood function is described.GEV(generalized extreme value)distribution and GP(generalized Pareto)distribution are used respectively to fit the annual maximum daily flood discharge sample of the Yichang station in the Yangtze River and the daily rainfall sample in10 big cities including Guangzhou.The parameters of the models are estimated by maximum likelihood method and the fitting results are tested by probability plot,quantile plot,return level plot and density plot.The return levels and confidence intervals of flood and rainstorm in different return periods are calculated by profile likelihood function.The results show that the asymmetry of the profile likelihood function curve increases with the return period,which can reflect the effect of the length of sample series and return periods on confidence interval.As an effective tool for estimating confidence interval of the key parameters and quantiles of extreme value distribution,profile likelihood function can lead to a more accurate result and help to analyze the uncertainty of extreme values of hydrometeorology.

Ilioinguinal approach versus Stoppa approach for open reduction and internal fixation in the treatment of displaced acetabular fractures： A systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose： To compare the efficacy and safety of open reduction and internal fixation through ilioinguinal approach and Stoppa approach for the treatment of displaced acetabular fractures. Methods： Case-controlled trials （CCTs） published from January 2010 to August 2015 that compared the ilioinguinal approach and Stoppa approach in the management of displaced acetabular fractures were retrieved from the databases of Cochrane Library, Pubmed, CNKI, and so on. Methodological quality of the trials was critically assessed. Statistical software RevMan 5.0 was used for data analysis. Results： Eight articles were included in the meta-analysis. Through comparing the efficacy and safety of ilioinguinal approach and Stoppa approach in the treatment of displaced acetabular fracture, statistical significance was found in the average operation time [WMD = 68.29, 95% CI （10.52, 126.05）, p 〈 0.05] and the median intraoperative blood loss [WMD = 142.26, 95% CI （9.30, 275.23）, p 〈 0.05]. However, there existed no statistical significance in the fracture end reset satisfaction rate [RR = 0.63, 95% CI （0.17, 2.37）, p 〉 0.05], the early complications rate [RR = 0.89, 95% CI （0.33, 2.40）, p 〉 0.05], the late complications rate [RR = 0.91, 95% CI （0.27, 3.01）, p 〉 0.05], and Harris hip score good function rate [RR = 0.52, 95% CI （0.25, 1.10）, p 〉 0.05]. Conclusion： Though both techniques can obtain satisfactory clinical functions in the treatment of displaced acetabular fractures, Stoppa approach is superior to the ilioinguinal approach in terms of operation time and intraoperative blood loss.

Extreme precipitation events in East China and associated moisture transport pathways

Interannual variation of summer precipitation in East China, and frequency of rainstorms during the monsoon season from 1961 to 2010, are analyzed in this study. It is found that the two variables show opposite trends on a decadal time scale: frequency of rainstorms increases significantly after the 1990 s, while summer precipitation in East China decreases during the same period. Analysis of the spatial distribution of summer rainstorm frequency from 1961 to 2010 indicates that it decreases from the southeast to the northwest at the east edge of the large-scale topography associated with the plateaus. Spatial distribution of rainstorms with daily rainfall greater than 50 mm is characterized by a "high in the southeast and low in the northwest" pattern, similar to the staircase distribution of the topography. However, the spatial distribution of variation in both summer precipitation and frequency of extreme rainstorms under global warming differs significantly from the three-step staircase topography. It is shown that moisture characteristics of summer precipitation and extreme rainstorms during the monsoon season in East China, including moisture transport pathways, moist flow pattern, and spatial structure of the merging area of moist flows, differ significantly. Areas of frequent rainstorms include the Yangtze River Valley and South China. Column-integrated moisture transport and its spatial structure could be summarized as a "merging" of three branches of intense moist flows from low and middle latitude oceans, and "convergence" of column-integrated moisture fluxes. The merging area for moist flow associated with rainstorms in the high frequency region is located slightly to the south of the monsoonal precipitation or non-rainstorm precipitation, with significantly strong moisture convergence. In addition, the summer moist flow pattern in East China has a great influence on the frequency of extreme rainstorms. Moisture flux vectors in the region of frequent rainstorms correspond to vortical flow pattern. A comparison of moisture flux vectors associated with non-rainstorms and rainstorms indicates that the moist vortex associated with rainstorms is smaller in size and located to the south of the precipitation maximum, while the moist vortex associated with non-rainstorms is larger and located to the north. It is shown that column-integrated moist transport vortices and the structure of moist flux convergence have significant impacts on the north-south oscillation of frequent rainstorm areas in East China, which is synchronized with the maximum vorticity of moisture transport and the minimum of convergence on the decadal time scale. Synthesis of moisture transport pathways and related circulation impacts leads to a conceptual model of moisture flow associated with rainstorms.

PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION

Because of the importance of grouped data, many scholars have been devoted to the study of this kind of data. But, few documents have been concerned with the thresh-old parameter. In this paper, we assume that the threshold parameter is smaller than the first observing point. Then, on the basis of the two-parameter exponential distribution, the maximum likelihood estimations of both parameters are given, the sufficient and necessary conditions for their existence and uniqueness are argued, and the asymptotic properties of the estimations are also presented, according to which approximate confidence intervals of the parameters are derived. At the same time, the estimation of the parameters is generalized, and some methods are introduced to get explicit expressions of these generalized estimations. Also, a special case where the first failure time of the units is observed is considered.

The effect of diffusion loss on the time-varying giant Panda population

It has been certificated that corridors can help giant pandas to keep their habitat from fragmenting. However there are still losses during the process of moving along corridors. In this study, a mathematical model with Allee effect is carried out to describe the diffusion of giant pandas between n patches. Some criteria are obtained to keep the system persisting. It is proved that the system has a unique positive w-periodic solution which is globally asymptotically stable. The ecological meanings of these findings are discussed following the results. And some numerical simulations in the Qinling Mountain giant panda nature reservation area are also presented in the end.

BED-CEIA估计HIV-1新近感染率的有效性及其影响因素的评价

在艾滋病流行病学研究中,衡量艾滋病流行趋势最常用的指标是HIV累积感染率和新近感染率.与累积感染率相比,新近感染率对艾滋病流行趋势预测、干预效果评价以及防制策略的制定等能提供更直接的信息.在获取新近感染率的方法中,除了经典的流行病学队列随访方法,目前普遍使用的血清学方法之一是IgG捕获BED酶联免疫法（BED-CEIA）.2001年,美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC）艾滋病免疫和诊断室评估了16种基于不同抗体和原理的HIV-1新近感染检测方法,发现新近感染者与既往感染者相比,各种抗体滴度均较低;其中gp41抗体滴度在新近感染者和既往感染者中的差别最大,两者的滴度区间几乎没有重叠,新近感染者的gp41抗体亲和力低于既往感染者,从而认为gp41抗体能够区分新近感染者和既往感染者,并且酶联免疫实验操作相对简单、效果也较理想,因此该室着手开发基于gp41抗体的HIV-1新近感染检测的酶联免疫方法[1].