危境或机遇：时代呼唤“大史学”

当代史学自身面临着危险处境,但也面临着空前飞跃的机会。社会主义市场经济的建立和新技术革命、信息化时代的到来,为史学提供了一个千载难逢的改造机遇。21世纪的总的特征是世界的整体化联系,世界是一个整体,史学视角也需有整体观。知识经济的整体化,信息技术的整体化,世界所面临挑战的整体化,都在呼唤"大史学"。"大史学观",对于开拓史学研究领域,深入认识当代历史专题,更准确地把握历史走向,是大有裨益的。"大史学"应囊括社会科学、自然科学等所有学科的学科史。

Performance on the 2011 Certified Public Accountant （CPA） Examination for Large, Middle, and Small Historically Black Colleges and Universities （HBCUs）

There are over 100 historically black colleges and universities （HBCUs） in the United States. The majority of these HBCUs are located in the southeast section of the United States. HBCUs are a major supplier of certified public accountants （CPAs） to the profession. Therefore, the performance of candidates from HBCUs should be of interest to various constituents including educators, employers, parents, students, and other stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to provide statistical performance on the 2011 CPA examination for large, middle, and small HBCUs based upon the number of testing events taken. Taking a testing event is not the same as passing a testing event. This was the dichotomy between quantity and quality of HBCUs＇ performances. For large HBCUs, Morehouse University, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University （NC A＆T）, and Tennessee State University （TSU） were cited. For middle HBCUs, Albany State University, Norfolk State University （NSU）, and North Carolina Central University （NCCU） were cited. For small HBCUs, Alcorn State University, Fisk University, and University of Maryland Eastern Shore （UMES） were cited. The dichotomy between quantity and quality is real.

Study on the Spirits of University Teachers

The paper intends to study the formation of the spirit of independence, curiosity, innovation and benevolence which the university teachers in Medieval Europe had under the specific social and historical conditions. Based on this, by contrast the current crisis of spirits of medieval university teachers in modem society, the paper also analyzes the reasons and tries to find out the mechanism to cultivate the spirit of the university teachers in modem society.

Women and the Transnational Dynamics of Science Education in Early Twentieth Century China:A Quiet Revolution

This article explores both the personal and transnational dimensions of domestic science education and study abroad for the pioneering generation of Chinese women in science.By focusing on women’s unique calculus of risk and reward,the article not only distinguishes Chinese women’s experiences from those of their male counterparts but also delineates the special contours of the Chinese case within the global advancement of women in science.The article begins by outlining some of the features and dynamics of early Chinese girls’schools that affected students’interest in and preparation for further scientific study.Then it traces the emerging college-level opportunities that made it possible for women who were studying science in China to contemplate advanced work overseas.Turning to study abroad,the article highlights the radicalness of the decision to study abroad by examining the impact of both family background and national circumstances on Chinese women’s strategies of mobility.The article argues that if we are to take women’s experiences seriously,we cannot just look at scientific pursuits in terms of achievements in the development of Chinese science,we also need to consider the ways that·scientific ambitions forced individuals—both male and female—to navigate and reimagine multiple social norms and expectations.

Impact of Urban Areas on Historical and Archaeological Buildings

The present paper is talking about the recent situation of the archeological buildings which exist through modern urban environments. Urban expansion has a large effect on the archeological buildings continuity since such type of development impresses several serious challenges which conservation plans as well as preservation polices must deal with. A number of that main challenges are mega-constructions （tunnels, damps, roads, etc.）, pollution, socio-cultural impacts and traffic. Within Um Qias, the archeological buildings face similar challenges consistent with the urban environment where it is presented and that challenges are reviewed in the local community behavior.

Learner Autonomy in the National English Language Curricula for Chinese Universities 1978-2007:A Historical Analysis

This historical study investigates the concept of learner autonomy in the national English language curricula for Chinese universities.It seeks to understand the meaning of learner autonomy in China and the intentionality of promoting this concept through the curricula from 1978 to 2007.By adopting Quentin Skinner’s intentionalist approach to analyzing the history of ideas,this study conducted a systematic document analysis of three national curricula in relation to their linguistic and practical contexts constituted of 169 Chinese academic articles in total.The study revealed that learner autonomy mainly referred to students’motivation and ability to work hard on their own outside the classroom in the Chinese context.Importing this concept,however,caused ideological confusion and exacerbated the disempowerment of teachers within the dynamics of China’s English language education at the tertiary level.The study raises awareness for borrowing concepts across different cultural contexts and has implications for research,policymaking,teacher development,and pedagogical practice in second language education in China.

Animation of Chinese Characters： Evolution of Shapes and Styles

Hanzi （Chinese characters） has a long history and affluent contents. To promote the popularity of historical and cultural knowledge of Chinese characters, an online program has been launched by Beihang University and Beijing Normal University to explain Chinese characters＇ original meanings and evolution processes with vivid and expressive animation videos. Currently, More than 1,000 videos can be accessed through the website “http：//www.chinesecharacter.org/”. Besides these online resources, a human-computer interaction system is also proposed to simulate clerical changes of Chinese characters through computer morphing technology. What we want is to make the teaching and learning of Chinese characters more reasonable, more easily understandable and more interesting.

Keeping Abreast of“International Historical Sciences”:Dialogue and Exchange

The 22nd International Congress of Historical Sciences,to which Chinese President Xi Jinping wrote a congratulatory letter,took place in 2015.This congratulatory letter has since been a subject of discussion among Chinese and foreign historians because it involves several fundamental issues in historical sciences.This paper presents Finnish historian Marjatta Hietala’s interview with Wang Yuji.The interview centers on four major propositions of President Xi:“Historical research forms the basis of all social sciences”;“History is our best teacher”;“Observing China’s past is an important angle for observing China today”;and“Historians can and should play an active role in building a community of shared future for mankind.”The in-depth discussion reveals the convergence and divergence of historians’opinions both at home and abroad on some fundamental issues of historical sciences.