基于航空大地电磁倾子特征的二维大地结构探测方法

倾子是航空大地电磁方法的主要参数,在地下异常体的探测中有着重要的作用和显著优势.本文简要概括了倾子测量的基本原理;基于有限单元法进行了二维大地结构的倾子建模仿真,分析了影响倾子响应特征的主要因素,包括空间性参数以及地下介质参数.通过对倾子响应特征影响因素的分析,提出了一种利用倾子及其梯度的异常位置和异常幅度,对地下二维异常体的电性特征、水平位置、埋深以及电阻率进行快速、定量识别的方法.最后,利用已知模型的倾子响应对异常体参数进行了试算,通过对试算结果和已知模型参数的对比,验证了该方法的可行性.

大地分层结构条件下架空线路系统导线—地回路阻抗的计算分析

架空线路系统导线—地回路阻抗是输电线路过电压防护和电磁兼容研究的重要参数。笔者将大地视为水平分层结构,运用复数镜像法,给出了大地水平分层时架空线路系统导线—地回路阻抗的计算方法,验证了该计算方法的正确性;结合中国特高压输电线路实例,计算分析了大地分层结构条件下架空线路系统导线—地回路阻抗的变化规律。结果表明:文中方法克服了Carson公式计算结果频率性能较差的缺点,具有更高的计算准确度;架空线路导线—地回路阻抗随频率和第1层土壤厚度的增加而增大且有饱和趋势,第1层土壤的电阻率对导线—地回路阻抗有明显影响。

地磁暴感应地电场的大地电性结构建模方法

探明磁暴期间地面感应电场的分布情形是正确计算地磁感应电流(GIC)和预测磁暴次生灾害影响的前提。根据电磁场唯一性定理,从求解磁暴感应地电场的角度出发,提出了一种复杂大地电导率结构的建模方法;该方法的特点是只建大地导体区模型,通过模型的边界条件反映地磁场的变化情况及感应地电流在地下的流通情形。采用有限元法求解了典型地电结构下的磁暴感应地电场,通过对比数值方法和解析方法求得的地面电场结果,验证了建模方法的可靠性。进一步采用该方法研究了无法解析求解的复杂地电结构的磁暴感应地电场问题,建模思路和方法为评估磁暴和GIC的管网效应提供了分析工具。

大地奇异性结构与场源物理结构关系的探讨

讨论了重力场的大地奇异性条件及其在地固直角坐标系中的表达式。利用简化的球对称地球模型研究了大地奇异性结构与场源物理结构的关系，结果表明：只有在扰动区域密度低于周围环境密度，且扰动场源密度与地球平均密度之比不小于扰动体埋深与半经之比的３次幂时，地球外部才存在奇异点；所有奇异点构成两个倒扣在地球上的旋转抛物面状曲面；对ＰＲＥＭ地球模型而言，内部密度扰动将不会产生外部奇异性。

《大地颂歌》的剧作结构

《大地颂歌》是一部浓缩时代的艺术史诗,是一曲吟唱人民的时代颂歌,以精巧的“路”结构展示了一个村乃至整个神州大地的脱贫之路。《序》《风起十八洞》《奋斗》《夜空中最亮的星》《一步千年》《幸福山歌》《大地赤子》以及《在灿烂阳光下》组成了扶贫之路的“路”结构,又通过龙书记、王老师以及广大脱贫者的行动强化结构。参与叙事与渲染气氛的歌曲既具有承上启下的结构作用,又构成了起承转合的结构。

基于不同大地模型的接地极入地电流分布规律研究

大地电性结构是否反映真实的地下各种介质的分布情况决定了特高压直流输电(Ultra-high Voltage Direct Current,UHVDC)接地极近区交流厂站变压器中性点电位计算的准确程度。研究分层大地电性结构模型、大地电磁测深(Magnetotelluric Sounding,MT)剖面延拓模型和三维Kriging大地电性结构模型对计算地电位、直流电流透入深度以及直流电流在大地中的分布规律的影响。结果表明,对于不同的大地电性结构模型都会有3%左右的入地电流进入地下300 km的深层大地;比较三种模型计算得到的直流偏磁电流(DC Biasing Current,DCBC)与锡盟-泰州±800 kV特高压直流输电工程系统调试数据,可知利用三维大地电性结构模型计算得到的地电位准确度更高,且岩性不均匀会导致稳定的电流场的空间分布发生变化。

不同纬度电网地磁感应电流水平的比较研究

地磁感应电流(GIC)与磁暴强度、大地构造、电网结构等很多因素有关。在建立的分层大地模型基础上,依据2006年12月磁暴的地磁数据,采用基于平面波理论的大地感应电场算法,完成了北京2012年规划电网GIC水平的计算,并与阳淮输电系统上河变电站的GIC实测数据进行了比较。结果表明,在中低纬地区,大地电导率、电网结构和电气参数的影响更大。

考虑地下各向异性介质的磁暴感应地电场研究

地质勘测资料表明,地下存在电性各向异性介质,因此在研究地磁扰动(GMD)地电场时需要考虑各向异性介质的影响。建立包含各向异性介质的大地电导率模型,研究电性结构不均匀及各向异性介质对地电场分布的影响。结合新疆地区部分数据构建各向异性大地电导率模型计算GMD地电场。通过各向同性大地电导率模型对比,发现各向异性区域内主轴电导率的变化将会对该区域内相应方向上的地电场及周边的地电场产生影响,其变化规律与各向异性区域周边存在的高导或高阻体相关。结合电网结构参数得到地磁感应电流(GIC),证明虽然地下各项异性介质对地表感应地电场的大小影响较小,但由于计算GIC时通过地电场沿输电线路积分得到等效电压源,存在误差的累积,将使GIC的计算误差增大。

Groundwater resources survey of tongchuan city using the audio magnetotelluric method

The development of Tongchuan City,Shaanxi Province,located in the northwestern region of China,is restricted by water resources.The direct current resistivity and induced polarization sounding methods are typically applied in finding urban groundwater.These methods,however,are not effective due to their complicated topography and geological conditions.The application practice shows that the audio magnetotelluric(AMT)method has a large depth of exploration,high work effi ciency,and high lateral resolution.To investigate the distribution of groundwater resources,we deployed three audio-frequency magnetotelluric profiles in the city area.The impedance tensor information of AMT data is obtained using SSMT2000.AMT data dimension analysis reveals that the two-dimensional structural features of the observation area are obvious.The main structure of the observation area is about 45°northeast,as indicated by structural trend analysis.A shallow two-dimensional electrical profile of 1 km in Tongchuan City is obtained by two-dimensional nonlinear conjugate gradient inversion.Finally,combined with regional geological information,the geological structure characteristics reflected by the electrical profile were obtained along with the detailed characteristics of water-rich structures in the area.The infl uence of the structure on the groundwater distribution was analyzed,and the water-rich areas were identifi ed.This work contributes to the prospective development of Tongchuan City.

Seismic volcanostratigraphy of large, extrusive complexes in continental rift basins of Northeast China：Analysis of general bedding patterns in volcanostratigraphy and their seismic reflection configurations

The aim of this work is to establish volcanic seismic reflection configuration models in the rift basins of Northeast China from a new perspective,the volcanostratigraphic structure.Accordingly,the volcanostratigraphic structure of an outcrop near the Hailaier Rift Basin was analyzed to understand the characteristics and causal factors of physical boundaries.Further,3D seismic reflection data and analysis of deep boreholes in the Songliao Rift Basin were used to establish the relationship between volcanic seismic reflection configurations and volcanostratigraphic structures.These studies suggested that in volcanic successions,physical boundaries coincide with volcanic boundaries,and their distributions are controlled by the stacking patterns of volcanic units.Therefore,volcanic seismic reflection configurations can be interpreted in terms of the stacking patterns of volcanic units.These are also referred to as general bedding patterns in volcanostratigraphy.Furthermore,four typical seismic reflection configurations were identified,namely,the chaotic,the parallel continuous,the hummocky,the multi-mound superimposed and the composite.The corresponding interpretation models comprised single massive unit,vertical,intersectional,lateral multi-mound,and composite stacking patterns.The hummocky and composite reflection configurations with intersectional and composite stacking patterns are the most favorable for the exploration of volcanic reservoirs in rift basins.

Research and development of seismic base isolation technique for civil engineering structures

Base isolation is one of the most promising alternatives among the structure control methods. In recent decades, base isolation has been seriously considered for civil structures, such as buildings and bridges, subjected to ground motion. The research achievements and development of seismic base isolation technique for civil structures in Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) are introduced. The achievements include project applications, experimental research results and theoretical innovation.

Status of two Coreius species in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Dam construction alters natural flow regimes which,in turn,cause significant changes in fish communities during and after impoundment. The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir,from impoundment of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River,China,may have affected native fish species. Thus,the status of two lotic freshwater fish species,Coreius heterodon and C.guichenoti,were monitored in the Three Gorges Reservoir,including fish abundance,individual composition,growth,condition,and mortality. Data on both species were gathered from upstream,midstream and downstream areas of the reservoir and,where available,from studies published before and after dam construction. Lower abundance,slower growth,a less diversified age structure,poorer fish condition(indicated by hepatosomatic index) and higher mortalities were recorded in sites nearest the dam compared with upstream areas. Furthermore,after final impoundment,individual Coreius species inhabiting the area changed,with young individuals becoming more abundant,while upstream of the reservoir the two Coreius species became smaller at a given age. The results show that the status of the two Coreius species was subject to dramatic changes after impoundment.

Shaking table tests and numerical simulation of dynamic properties of underground structures

It is considered thai the damage of the underground structures caused by earthquakes is minor for a long time. However, the catastrophic damages induced by several recent earthquakes （e. g. Kobe earthquake in 1995 ） revealed that the study on the dynamic properties of the underground structures is indispensable. The dynamic behavior and damage mechanism of underground structure are analyzed by using shaking table tests （ both shallow-and deep-buried） and numerical simulation （3D FEM） including horizontal and vertical input motions, individually and simultaneously. From the results, the underground structure collapsed due to strong horizontal forces although vertical deformation is not negligible. The vertical excitation increases the response of structure, especially the stress and shear stress at the upper section; the soil influenced the property of soilstructure system. In the same excitation, the response in shallow-buried test is larger than deep case. Both overburden and vertical earthquake play important roles in the response of structure and those are two critical aspects in the design of the large-span underground structures, such as subway stations.

Electrical Structure of the Crust Beneath the Ordos Block

The Ordos block is a stable tectonic unit since the Cenozoic. Whether low-resistivity layers exist in the middle and lower crust of this kind block is an open question. This work attempts to reveal the entire crustal structure of the block based on interpretation of magnetotelluric data collected along the profile across this region. The result shows that a layered structure characterizes the crust of the Ordos block, with a low-resistivity layer at depth of about 20km, presumably associated with fluids there. In contrast, in the areas of active tectonics on the east and west of the block, there are no such layered electric structures in the crust, and the low-resistivity zones may be related to the decollement zones (or ductile shear zones) in the crust. The difference in electric structure of crust between the Ordos Block and neighboring areas is of significance to analyze the movement and deformation of varied blocks in the continent.

Dynamic Properties of Long Large Cross-section Underground Structures in Dynamic Seismic Analysis

Seismic safety of underground structures is one of the main concerns in underground space exploitation. As the first step for dynamic seismic response analysis, the free vibration of long large cross-section underground structures is studied in the present paper. The general free transverse vibration motion equation of long large cross-section underground structure is derived with the comprehensive consideration of internal and external damping, effects of shear, cross-sectional rotational inertia and axial force, and a twoparameter soil model. In this way, Timoshenko＇s beam theory is extended. Two limit cases of free transverse vibration of underground structures are discussed. Parameter study shows that in general wave propagation velocities in structures increase with soil elastic parameters. However the influence of Winkler＇s parameter k is significant while the effect of the second soil elastic parameter gp is insignificant. The free vibration frequency of underground structures increases with relative wave number and soil elastic parameters. Unlike the influence of soil elastic parameters on wave propagation velocities, the influence of soil elastic parameters k and gp on the vibration frequency of underground structures have the same order; therefore the influence of the second soil parameter gp on the free vibration of underground structures should not be neglected in dynamic seismic analysis of underground structures

Review on Deep Geophysical Exploration and Research in China

The status of deep geophysical exploration and research in China is summarized in this paper. New achievements in the study of the velocity structure, seismotectonics and geodynamics of the crust and upper mantle are also briefly described.

Comparative Analysis of High-Rise Reinforced Concrete Structures According to International Seismic Design Codes

The field of earthquake engineering and seismology is of great importance to structural engineers around the world. The location, size and consequences of an earthquake are variable depending on several conditions. Surface conditions, boundary/fault type, distance from the boundary and hypocenter are all elements that dictate the outcome of a seismic event. The paper presents a comparison of seismic provisions of two seismic design codes--EC8 （Eurocode 8） and IBC （International Building Code） 2006, to a high-rise reinforced concrete building. The building is irregular and composes of 20 floors. The equivalent lateral force analysis was performed using the well-known structure program--ETABS （Extended 3D Analysis of Building Systems）. Based on the analysis results （inter-storey index, global damage index, storey displacement, inter-storey drift ratio and base shear）, EC8 was found to be conservative when compared with IBC 2006. The conclusion is that for the design and analysis of high-rise reinforced concrete buildings with certain irregularity, EC8 provisions were considered to be conservative.

Geoelectrical structures of northern segment of Tan-Lu fault system in China and Russia areas based on magnetotelluric soundings

From China to Russia,Tan-Lu fault system stretches for thousands of kilometers,towards NE 30°.The authors have collected more than ten magnetotelluric profile that China and Russia have carried out,in the studied area of the Tan-Lu fault's northern section,and have analyzed electrical characteristics of the relevant profiles.Deriving the following conclusions:(1)Jiamusi-Bureya plots,etc.,demonstrate the high resistance of Kernel;(2)Fold belt attributed to the land showed high and low resistance stitching,associated with not only terrane accretion,but also upper mantle upwelling;below the sedimentary basin,the resistivity of the upper mantle is lower and closer to the surface comparing with the adjacent area(100-150);(3)In the system of Tan-Lu fracture,Yishu and Dunmi fracture,etc.are expressed as vertical low-resistivity zone;(4)There may exist subducted old-fashioned piece under Jiamusi and Bureya plots.

Large-Scale Structural and Geodynamic Mapping of Platform Territories on the Example of Moscow

This paper describes principles, methods and results of a large-scale （1： 25,000） structural-geodynamic mapping of Moscow territory. Neotectonic structures of different ranks--elevations and depressions, lineaments and GDAZ （geodynamic active zones） are presented on the map. Geodynamic active zones are linear or isometric crust volumes of different scales that localized spatially, where conditions for tectonic stress concentration and relaxation, and high gradients of movements and rocks deformity are favorable by different reasons. They differ from active faults, which are rare on geodynamic-stable platform territories, by absence of noticeable displacements in rocks and a more geodynamic stability. Nevertheless, GDAZ can be hazard to engineering buildings, since these zones are favorable for developing exogenous （such as erosion, impoundment, karst, sliding, etc.） and endogenous geological processes （such as seismicity, water-fluid permeability and heat flux）. They can also become migration and localization channels of nature-anthropogenic pollution.

Research on the Characteristics of Deep and Shallow Structures in Shenyang City and Their Relationship with Seismic Activities

Deep and shallow tectonic data in Shenyang and its relationship with seismic activity shows that the NE trending faults developed on the surface control the formation and development of the fault-uplift and fault-depression. The uplift and depression of the bedrock at a depth of 7km underground are＇consistent with the surface structure. 12 planar listric normal faults have developed above a depth of 18km -20km and two deep faults have developed in the lower crust. Because of the deep incision and new activities, the surface Wanggangpu-Xinehengzi fault and Yongle-Qingshuitai fault, which correspond to the deep F3 fault and F6 fault, might be related to seismic activity in Shenyang.