论新时代对外汉语教学的“大学科化”之路

在汉语国际化的新时代,国内对外汉语教学不应被边缘化,而应建设成为世界汉语教学与研究的"后方基地"。对外汉语教学应突破传统的单一化发展观念,根据内部各领域和外部相关专业生态环境的变化,确立集成、融合与多元的发展理念,走"大学科化"建设之路,将自身各领域的汉语教学,因教外国人汉语而设立的汉语国际教育本科、硕士和博士各专业,一并纳入学科建设的视野,使之融合为以非学历汉语教学为核心与基础,以培养各类汉语人才和汉语教学人才为目标,包含不同领域和专业的对外汉语教学"大学科"。这样一种格局与内涵的"对外汉语教学",才是一门由多领域、多专业构成的真正的学科,一如教育及文史类的其他学科,这样一个"对外汉语学院",才有可能与教育学院、文学院、历史学院相比肩。

Chemical constituents from Xylosma controversum

Aim To study the chemical constituents from the stems of Xylosma controversum Clos. Methods The constituents were isolated by solvent extraction, repeated chromatography with silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and RP-18 columns. The structures were elucidated by spectral analysis. Results Thirteen compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as （-）-syringaresinol （1）, syringaresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）, syringaresinol-4,4′-bis-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （3）, （±）-catechin （4）, catechin-3-O- β-D-glucopyranoside （5）, catechin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （6）, 1,3-bis-（4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl）-1,3-propanediol （7）, （R）-（＋）-chaulmoogric acid （8）, friedelin （9）, uracile （10）, benzoic acid （11）, vaniUic acid （12）, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid （13）. Conclusion All the compounds described above were isolated from this genus for the first time.

Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Euphorbia hirta

[Objective] The aim was to study the chemical constituents of Euphorbia hirta. [Method] The constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatography methods including normal phase and reverse phase silica gel as well as Sephadex LH-20 gel column, and then elucidated by spectroscopic analysis such as MS and NMR etc. Compounds 1, 4, 5 and 6 were evaluated for their immunostimulatory activity against splenic cell of mouse by FCM. [Result] Six compounds were isolated from Euphorbia hirt, and identified as diisobutyl-O-phthalate （compond 1）, diethylhexyl phthalate （compond 2）, hispidulin （compond 3）, acetyl peroxide （compond 4）, quercetein （compond 5） and gallic acid （compond 6）. All compounds were inactive against splenic cell of mouse. [Conclusion] Compounds 1, 2 and 3 were isolated from this plant for the first time, and compound 4 was the first naturally occurring compound. This study provided reference for isolating bioactive substances from Euphorbia hirta.

Chemical Constituents of Euphorbia ebracteolata

Aim To study the chemical constituents of Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata. Methods Column chromatography was used in the isolation procedure, while the structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by spectral data. Results Six compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as baccatin (1), 3-acetyl-β-amyrin (2), 3,3′-diacetyl-4,4′-dimethoxy- 2,2′,6,6′-tetrah ydroxy diphenylmethane (3), 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methyl acetophenone (4), β-sitosterol (5), and daucosterol (6). Conclusion Baccatin was obtained from Euphorbia ebracteolata for the first time.

Essential Oil Composition of Six Pinus L. Taxa （Pinaceae） from Canada and Their Chemotaxonomy

In this study six Pinus L. taxa from Canada （P. strobus L., P. parviflora Siebold ＆ Zucc., P. mugo Turra subsp, mugo, P. resinosa Sol. ex Alton, P. flexilis E. James and P. nigra J. F. Arnold） were studied to determine on chemical characters of studied taxa. For this purpose, essential oil from needles of the six Pinus taxa were investigated by HS-SPME/GC-MS. 38, 33, 39, 28, 31 and 46 compounds were respectively identified from each species representing 95.90%, 95.07%, 95.79%, 96.20%, 93.05% and 96.25% of the oil. The results have given some clues on the chemotaxonomy of this genus and are of usable potentials of the plants as renewable resources. Although the essential oil composition of studied taxa showed chemical divergences because of climatical, seasonal, geographical and geological factors, but the major compounds of plant derivatives are generally similar and the major compounds are chemotaxonomical markers for studied taxa.

Indoor thermal environment of wooden-plank wall dwellings in summer in Chongqing

There are a large number of wooden-plank wall dwellings, a kind of traditional house with regional characteristics, existing in Chongqing area. We chose a typical house in Chongqing as the subject and measured it during summer to research the situation of the indoor thermal comfort of wooden-plank wall dwellings. Based on the particularity of local residents' living habit and the characteristics of the local buildings, we analyzed the data of the field measurement and evaluated the thermal environment with APMV. The results show that the indoor thermal comfort of wooden-plank wall dwellings in summer is improved mainly by natural ventilation.

Principal component analysis and cluster analysis based orbit optimization for earth observation satellites

This paper proposes a design optimization method for the multi-objective orbit design of earth observation satellites, for which the optimality of orbit performance indices with different units, such as: total coverage time, the frequency of coverage, average time per coverage and maximum coverage gap, etc. is required simultaneously. By introducing index normalization method to convert performance indices into dimensionless variables within the range of [0, 1], a design optimization method based on the principal component analysis and cluster analysis is proposed, which consists of index normalization method, principal component analysis, multiple-level cluster analysis and weighted evaluation method. The results of orbit optimization for earth observation satellites show that the optimal orbit can be obtained by using the proposed method. The principal component analysis can reduce the total number of indices with a non-independent relationship to save computing time. Similarly, the multiple-level cluster analysis with parallel computing could save computing time.

Effects of micro-parameter on solidification structure of ZG12MnMoV low-alloy steel based on CAFE model

Abstract： We mainly studied effects of nucleation parameters （ △Tv,max and △Ts,max ） and superheat on solidification structure of ZG12MnMoV low-alloy steel by integration of CAFE and experimentation. The result shows that grain dimension is not only related with nucleation parameters, but also with superheat. The smaller△Tv,max and △Ts,max get, the tinier grain turns. The lab experimentation on optimum parameter is conducted, the mean diameter of grain in lab test specimen is 153.2 lain, and the mean diameter calculated by CAFE model is 151.1 μm. The calculated solidification structure agrees with the experimental result in the main.

Scientific and Engineering Progress in CO_2 Minerali zation Using Industrial Waste and Natural Minerals

The issues of reducing CO_2 levels in the atmo-sphere, sustainably utilizing natural mineral resources,and dealing with indus trial waste offer challenging opportunities for sustainable development in energy and the environment. The latest advances in CO_2 mineralization technology involving natural minerals and industrial waste are summarized in this paper, with great emphasis on the advancement of fundamental science, economic evaluation, and engineering applications. We discuss several lead-ing large-scale CO_2 mineralization methodologies from a techn ical and engineering-science perspective. For each technology option, we give an overview of the technical parameters, reaction pathway, reactivity, procedural scheme, and laboratorial and pilot devices. Furthermore, we present a discussion of each technology based on experimental results and the literature. Finally, current gaps in knowledge are identified in the conclusion, and an overview of the challenges and opportunities for future research in this field is provided.

The effect of the planet's number on dynamic characteristics of planetary gear systems

Considering the effect of planet's number on the dynamic characteristics of the planetary gear system, a translationtorsion lumped-parameter model of 2K-H spur planetary gear system was established. Through the analysis of numerical solution, the results show that 1) When the planet's number is more than 3, the order of the natural frequency will become the same; 2) When the planet's number increases, the natural frequencies of planet mode remain invariant, but when it comes to rotational mode and translational mode, the higher order natural frequencies increase and the lower order natural frequencies decrease; 3) The planet's number has a great impact on the higher order natural frequencies and a little impact on the lower order natural frequencies; and 4) To avoid the resonance, we can appropriately increase or decrease the number of the planet.

Modelling and verification of a new Roots blower profile based on analysis of performance of different leaf contour

The rotor of a Roots blower is the key component relating to its capability, so the profile design of the rotor in a Roots blower is extremely important. We focused on the modelling and verification for a novel Roots blower tooth profile based on the performance analysis. By comparing the area utilization coefficient and the ratio of several traditional rotor profiles, we proposed a new rotor profile. Then, we further accomplished the mathematical modelling of the proposed rotor profile and the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation, and obtained the Roots blower outlet flow monitoring curves. Finally, we verified the characteristics by a physical experiment.

Study on Flavonoids and Triterpenoids Content of some Euphorbiaceae Plants

The Spurge family （Euphorbiaceae） is a large family of flowering plants. Two plant species of this family were collected from the Egyptian desert, extracted with methanol subjected to silica gel column chromatography to give six compounds, three compounds from each plant. The compounds isolated from the methanol extract of Euphorbia retusa Forssk were identified as kaempferol-3-beta-D glucopyranosyl （1）, 3-O-alpha-L-xylopyranosyl （1→3）-alpha-L xylopyranosyl （1→2）, beta-D glucopyranosyllup 1,12-diene-3,21-diol （2） and 5,7,8,3＇,4＇-pentahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone （3） and the compounds isolated from Euphorbia paralais L. identified as 3,5,3＇-trihydroxy-6,7-d-methoxy-4＇ （7＂-hydroxygeranyl-1＂-ether） flavones （4）, 3-O-syringic acid （1→4）-alpha-L- xylopyranosyl （1→3）, beta-D-rahminopyranosyl hederagenin （5） and 3-O-syringic acid （1→4）, beta-D-rahminopyranosyl （1→3）,beta-D-rahminopyranosyl hederagenin （6）. The structure of the isolated compounds was elucidated by chemical and spectrometric analysis such as Infera red （IR）, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance （1H-, 13C-NMR） and chemical ionization mass spectrometry （CI-MS）.

Identity, the Main Term of Contrast between ＂Globalization＂ and ＂Universalization＂ An Interpretention with a Critical Linguistic Approach

Communicational and international developments have different aspects in today＇s world so that some terms like ＂Internationalization,＂ ＂Liberalization,＂ ＂Universalization,＂ ＂Westernization,＂ ＂Deterritorialization＂ find interferences in social sciences and humanities studies. But these terms can generally be distinguished by two different categories of study as some experts have emphasized that the above developments are in the process （Globalization） while the others considered them on the project （To Globalize）. The main problem is that how we can find out the focal point of both studies through which the accuracy of these claims to be verified to know whether contemporary changes and evolutions are formed in a process or a project. It seems that the focal point in the sphere of both claims （processes and projects） is the issue of ＂identity＂ since both spheres agree that the concept of ＂identity＂ has passed a series of changes and developments, although each one renders the path and goal of ＂identity＂ changes by its own specific interpretations. In this article, we claim that using linguistic approach we are able to review the developments and evolutions＇ flow of identity in the present era and thereby it can be found that the developments in information and communication would lead to creating a process in the context of Globalization or a project on Universalization. The assumption of this study is that by explanation of the above-mentioned situation, we can see that based on the linguistic approach, the process of making identity is ＂context-based＂ and ＂conditional＂ as opposed to a project view formation and relative continuity of identification process would generally be subject to the condition.

Instructions to authors

World Journal of Gastroenterology （ worla J Gastroenterol ISSN 1007-9327 CN 14-1219/R） is a weekly open-access （OA） peer reviewed journal supported by an editorial board consisting of 1179 experts in gastroenterology and hepatology from 60 countries. The biggest advantage of the OA model is that it provides free, full text articles in PDF and other formats for experts and the public without registration, which eliminates the obstacle that traditional journals possess and usually delays the speed of the propagation and communication of scientific research results. The open access model has been proven to be a true approach that may achieve the ultimate goal of the journals, i.e. the maximization of the value to the readers, authors and society.

The Teaching Practice Exploration from the Science and Technology English to Academic English of University in Digital Environment

The globalization development of science and technology makes academic English education in Chinese universities become a trend, and the establishment and application of digital teaching environment also provides an efficient technical support for the teaching and practice of Academic English. Through its own characteristics and Academic English teaching requirements analysis, understand the function and role of digital environment in academic English teaching and trying to propose effective strategies for Academic English Teaching Practice Exploration.

Research and strategy employment information based on extension data mining

This paper uses the extension theory of knowledge, probes into the problems of students employment of College of computer science, puts forward to the solving method,specific and provides corresponding strategies. At the same time, it carries on the appraisal to provide strategy, put forward to optimal strategies; it uses of baseing on extension data mining and mining association rules of the corresponding and finding the meaning relations existing in enterprise recruitment,

Cross-Cultural Bioethics at an International University in Japan

Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University （APU） in Beppu city, Japan has a large body of students from well over 90 countries, especially from the Asia Pacific region, including Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, and Indonesian students. To improve analytical thinking skills among college students, a course on ＂bioethics＂ was introduced and offered in two consecutive semesters to undergraduate students for which 245 students registered at each semester. The course was taught in the form of 14 lecture and discussion sessions, each for 95 minutes based on the content of A Cross-Cultural Introduction to Bioethics （2006） edited by Darryl Macer, and reviewed a wide variety of ethical and bioethical issues. In the next semester, the students received a similar teaching content that was rearranged to reflect the 15 universal principles of bioethics and human rights covered in the Bioethics Core Curriculum （2008）. Case studies were also added to each unit of the Core Curriculum with the support of the UNESCO＇s Asia Pacific Regional Office, Bangkok （Case Studies for Bioethics 2010）. To evaluate the results of teaching and to compare the achieved objectives between the two groups of students, a short questionnaire was given to all students who finished the course and took up the final written examination. In the whole, 454 students （225 in group I and 229 in group 2） completed the course and took the final examination and 427 （218 in group 1 and 209 in group 2） responded to the questionnaire which inquired into their interest in the discussion of bioethical issues： why they believed they were important, and what they had learned through them. The results of the questionnaire have been examined and compared to evaluate the success of ＂bioethics＂ in stimulating the interest and thinking ability of the students and enriching their experience of a cross-cultural discussion over bioethical issues using universal principles as general guidance. The result of this examination was so impressive that from 2011 bioethics has been formalized into the reformed curriculum of our international school.

Significance of the carbon sink produced by H_2O–carbonate–CO_2–aquatic phototroph interaction on land

One of the most important questions in the science of global change is how to balance the atmospheric CO2 budget. There is a large terrestrial missing carbon sink amounting to about one billion tonnes of carbon per annum. The locations, magnitudes, variations, and mechanisms responsible for this terrestrial missing carbon sink are uncertain and the focus of much continuing debate. Although the positive feedback between global change and silicate chemical weathering is used in geochemical models of atmospheric CO2, this feedback is believed to operate over a long timescale and is therefore generally left out of the current discussion of human impact upon the carbon budget. Here, we show, by synthesizing recent findings in rock weathering research and studies into biological carbon pump effects in surface aquatic ecosystems, that the carbon sink produced by carbonate weathering based on the H2O- carbonate-CO2-aquatic phototroph interaction on land not only totals half a billion tonnes per annum, but also displays a significant increasing trend under the influence of global warming and land use change; thus, it needs to be included in the global carbon budget.

Triterpenoids from the stems of Casearia velutina Bl.

To investigate the chemical components from the stems of Casearia velutina Bl.,the constituents were isolated by repeated chromatography with silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,and ODS columns.The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis.Eleven triterpenoids and its glycosides were isolated from the crude extract of C.velutina,and their structures were identified as friedelin-2,3-lactone（1）,friedelane（2）,epifriedelanol（3）,friedelin（4）,2α,3α,19α-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid（5）,2α,3β,19α-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid（6）,2α,3α,23-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid（7）,2α,3α,23-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid（8）,2α,3α,19α,23-tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid（9）,2α,3α,19α,23-tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester（10）,and 3β,19α-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside（11）.All the compounds described above were isolated from this species for the first time.Compound 1 is a rarely occurred seco-friedelolactone in Flacourtiaceae.

Preface In Honor of the 80th Birthday of Professor Ronald Breslow

We are very pleased to have the opportunity to make a ded- ication in this issue to mark the 80th birthday of Dr. Ronald Breslow, S. L. Mitchill Professor of Chemistry and University Professor of Columbia University, USA, and to honor his many contributions to chemistry, education, and China-US scientific exchanges over the years. Three articles by Drs. LIU Lei of Tsinghua University ,