两个种果致富村给人们的启示

仙居县埠头乡大平地村和步路乡西炉村是两个远近闻名的水果专业村,这两个村的农民依靠开发性生产,短短几年内脱贫致富,给人们留下了许多有益的思考和启示。启示之一:开发性生产是农民脱贫致富的有效途径。大平地村是一个偏僻的小山村。自1981年起,该村先后种下165亩柑桔,近年年产柑桔45万公斤,全村71户户均超万斤,仅种桔一项人均纯收入2000多元。这个十年前有名的贫困村,一跃成为了远近闻名的富裕村。

Urban Green Space, Uneven Development and Accessibility: A Case of Dalian′s Xigang District

This study examines the socio-spatial context of uneven development and the residential accessibility of green space in Dalian of Liaoning Province, China. The social fairness was analyzed with a community scale as the basis. We combined social scientific methods with a GIS method using a behavior accessibility model from the perspectives of fairness of urban green space allocation based on social geography, geographic information science, management science and many other related discipline theories. The results show that: 1) Most of the urban green space distribution presents an unbalanced phenomenon, and it does not match with the population distribution; 2) We found some differences in the accessibility of the population with different attributes and opportunities to use and enjoy the urban green spaces, mainly due to: the dual social and spatial attributes of the residents and the serious stratum differentiation generated were the internal causes; the residential space differentiation and the pursuit of economic and real estate development were the direct causes; and unreasonable planning, in regard to the fact that government policies did not give consideration to efficiency and fairness, was also an important factor.

The parallel 3D magnetotelluric forward modeling algorithm

The workload of the 3D magnetotelluric forward modeling algorithm is so large that the traditional serial algorithm costs an extremely large compute time. However, the 3D forward modeling algorithm can process the data in the frequency domain, which is very suitable for parallel computation. With the advantage of MPI and based on an analysis of the flow of the 3D magnetotelluric serial forward algorithm, we suggest the idea of parallel computation and apply it. Three theoretical models are tested and the execution efficiency is compared in different situations. The results indicate that the parallel 3D forward modeling computation is correct and the efficiency is greatly improved. This method is suitable for large size geophysical computations.

An Ocean Reanalysis System for the Joining Area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Ocean

An ocean reanalysis system for the joining area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Ocean (AIPO) has been developed and is currently delivering reanalysis data sets for study on the air-sea interaction over AIPO and its climate variation over China in the inter-annual time scale.This system consists of a nested ocean model forced by atmospheric reanalysis,an ensemble-based multivariate ocean data assimilation system and various ocean observations.The following report describes the main components of the data assimilation system in detail.The system adopts an ensemble optimal interpolation scheme that uses a seasonal update from a free running model to estimate the background error covariance matrix.In view of the systematic biases in some observation systems,some treatments were performed on the observations before the assimilation.A coarse resolution reanalysis dataset from the system is preliminarily evaluated to demonstrate the performance of the system for the period 1992 to 2006 by comparing this dataset with other observations or reanalysis data.

Analysis of China's Haze Days in the Winter Half-Year and the Climatic Background during 1961–2012

The characteristics of haze days and the climatic background are analyzed by using daily observations of haze,precipitation,mean and maximum wind speed of 664 meteorological stations for the period of 1961–2012.The results show that haze days occur significantly more often in eastern China than in western China.The annual number of haze days is 5–30 d in most parts of central-eastern China,with some areas experiencing more than 30 d,while less than 5 d are averagely occurring in western China.Haze days are mainly concentrated in the winter half-year,with most in winter,followed by autumn,spring,and then summer.Nearly 20%of annual haze days are experienced in December.The haze days in central-eastern China in the winter half-year have a significant increasing trend of 1.7 d per decade during 1961–2012.There were great increases in haze days in the 1960s,1970s and the beginning of the 21st century.There was also significant abrupt changes of haze days in the early 1970s and 2000s.From 1961 to 2012,haze days in the winter half-year increased in South China,the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and North China,but decreased in Northeast China,eastern Northwest China and eastern Southwest China.The number of persistent haze is rising.The Longer the haze,the greater the proportion to the number persistent haze.Certain climatic conditions exacerbated the occurrence of haze.The correlation coefficient between haze days and precipitation days in the winter half-year is mainly negative in central-eastern China.The precipitation days show a decreasing trend in most parts of China,with a rate of around–4.0 d per decade in central-eastern China,which reduces the sedimentation capacity of atmospheric pollutants.During the period of 1961–2012,the correlation coefficients between haze days and mean wind speed and strong wind days are mainly negative in central-eastern China,while there exists positive correlation between haze days and breeze days in the winter half-year.The mean wind speed and strong wind days are decreasing,while breeze days are increasing in most parts of China,which is benefitial to the reduction of the pollutants diffusion capacity.As a result,haze occurs more easily.

Depositional Characteristics of Deltas and Their Relationship with Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the North Slope, Biyang Depression

Tectonic movements in the North Slope of Biyang Depression are comparatively mild and stable, thus generating two categories of deltas. Elementary reasons for the coexistence of deltas are the existence of the palaeodrainage pattern and the effect of palaeotopography. The sedimentary facies is the most elementary factor controlling the physical property of reservoirs. The layout and spatial combination model of the sand body and faults are the major influential factors on the occurrence of hydrocarbons. Comparative study on Houzhang and Yanglou Braided Deltas as well as Zhangchang and Gucheng Meandering Deltas suggests that the hydrocarbons distribute primarily in the mouth bar subfacies and secondarily in the distal bar subfacies of the braided delta, while the oil-water and aqueous layers are mainly found in the subaquatic distributary channel. Although the sand body of the meandering delta has excellent stratification and high porosity, the thickness is far less than that of the braided delta. Therefore, the yield of hydrocarbon is relatively low. The mudstone of the delta front subfacies is a kind of source rock with a high content of organic matter. The conducting system for oil/gas migration in the North Slope is a composite one comprising faults and sand- stone reservoirs. A large amount of oil/gas from the deep depression first migrated towards the slope along the sand body which stretches and connects with the source rocks, and then redistributed along the faults in the slope. After the movement reached a standstill, the faults formed the occlusion in the up-dip direction of the sand body, generating a great quantity of fault block hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Noah Slope.

Study on Focal Mechanism Changing Characteristics of the 2013 Zogang-Markam Ms6. 1 Earthquake Sequence

The M_S6. 1 earthquake was a foreshock-mainshock-aftershock type which occurred in the boundary region between Zogang and Markam counties on August 12,2013. Within 9hours before the main shock seven earthquakes of greater than M_L2. 0 occurred,with a maximum of M_L4. 7. In this paper,the earthquake focal mechanism changing process of the Zogang-Markam M_S6. 1 earthquake sequence is studied by calculating the correlation coefficient of body wave spectral amplitudes,and the result shows that the correlation coefficients of spectral amplitude of foreshocks present high value fluctuation with an average value of 0. 86,which shows that the focal mechanism of foreshocks are similar;and the correlation coefficients of spectral amplitude of aftershocks present low value,which shows that the possibility of a large earthquake is not high after a time.

The spring prediction barrier in ENSO hindcast experiments using the FGOALS-g model

The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model-gamil (FGOALS-g) was used to study the spring prediction barrier (SPB) in an ensemble system. This coupled model was developed and maintained at the State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG). There are two steps in our hindcast experiments. The first is to integrate the coupled model continuously with sea surface temperature (SST) nudging, from 1971 to 2006. The second is to carry out a series of one-year hindcasts without SST nudging, by adopting initial values from the first step on January 1 st , April 1st , July 1st , and October 1st , from 1982 to 2005. We generate 10 ensemble members for a particular start date (1st ) by choosing different atmospheric and land conditions around the hindcast start date (1st through 10th ). To estimate the predicted SST, two methods are used: (1) Anomaly Correlation Coefficient and its rate of decrease; and (2) Talagrand distribution and its standard deviation. Results show that FGOALS-g offers a reliable ensemble system with realistic initial atmospheric and oceanic conditions, and high anomaly correlation (>0.5) within 6 month lead time. Further, the ensemble approach is effective, in that the anomaly correlation of ensemble mean is much higher than that of most individual ensemble members. The SPB exists in the FGOALS-g ensemble system, as shown by anomaly correlation and equal likelihood. Nevertheless, the role of the ensemble mean in reducing the SPB of ENSO prediction is significant. The rate of decrease of the ensemble mean is smaller than the largest deviations by 0.04-0.14. At the same time, the ensemble system "equal likelihood" declines during spring. An ensemble mean helps give a correct prediction direction, departing from largely-deviated ensemble members.

Generalized Penalized Least Squares and Its Statistical Characteristics

The solution properties of semiparametric model are analyzed, especially that penalized least squares for semiparametric model will be invalid when the matrix B^TPB is ill-posed or singular. According to the principle of ridge estimate for linear parametric model, generalized penalized least squares for semiparametric model are put forward, and some formulae and statistical properties of estimates are derived. Finally according to simulation examples some helpful conclusions are drawn.

Calculation method of first collapse span with superhigh water material backfill mining

It is critical for the material to be of active supporting capacity before initial collapse ot mare root wltn supermgn water material backfill mining, and the maximum bending moment should be first calculated in order to determine the initial collapse span. In the light of principal of virtual work, the simple expression of deflection, bending moment of elastic clamped plate were deduced under the condition of vertical uniform distributed load, horizontal pressure and supporting by elastic foundation, and then, the maximal bending moment expression was derived too. At the same time, the influence degree on square clamped plate by adding horizontal pressure and elastic foundation were analyzed. The results show that the effect of horizontal pressure on maximal bending moment can be ignored when the value of horizontal pressure is two orders of magni- tude less than that of coeificient of elastic stiffness existing elastic foundation.

Characteristics of in situ stress field at Qingshui coal mine

In this study, the characteristics of geological structure at Qingshui coal mine were analyzed. And the hollow inclusion strain cell overcoring method was used to obtain the in situ stress. The effect of in situ stress on the stability of soft rock roadway was analyzed. The results show that the maximum principal stress is in the horizontal direction with a northeast orientation and has a value of about 1.2–1.9 times larger than gravity; the right side of roadway roof and floor is easily subject to serious deformation and failure, and the in situ stress is found to be a major factor. This paper presents important information for developing countermeasures against the large deformation of the soft rock roadway at Qingshui coal mine.

The Archaeologic Map and GIS in Ancient Topography Researches： The ＂Carta Archeologica d＇ltalia--Forma Italiae＂ Project

This paper presents the research method applied to the ＂Archaeological Map of Italy--Forma Italiae＂ project, comprising to date the Ager Venusinus project （completed） and the Ager Lucerinus project （ongoing）. The idea of an Archaeological Map of Italy dates back to 1889 when by Royal degree the ＂Bureau for an Archeological Map of Italy＂ was created. Many decades later, with the advent of information technology and satellite observing systems （GPS） a ＂new era＂ of archaeological mapping began and the ＂Forma ltaliae＂, thanks to these technological developments, began to develop the first Territorial Information System of archaeological matter in Italy. Between 1989 and 1992, studies and experiments were carried out on automatic systems for the acquisition, calculation and management of archaeological data relating to the Carta Archeologica d＇Italia （Forma Italiae）. Our project sought to put together many experiences, including some from the past, as part of a ministerial initiative resulting in the establishment of a committee; furthermore, it sought to extend the discussion that for many years concerned primarily academic institutions to the sectors dealing with protection and archeological prevention. Though it has been designed for prevention and protection, it simultaneously serves as the basic instrument for understanding and enhancement of the cultural resources of the territory. In discussions about preventive archaeology and about the so-called ＂archaeological risk＂, it is very useful to create a databank of the known archaeological heritage. For this purpose, a computerized system for data management was used, composed of a GIS platform associated with an alphanumeric archive and designed soon to become a web GIS.

Simulations of Vertical and Horizontal Displacement Fields in the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

By using the Yoshimitsu Okada and Steketee fault dislocation model,we calculated the vertical and horizontal displacements along the Yingxiu-Beichuan inverse fault and Guanxian-Anxian inverse fault along which the Wenchuan MS8. 0 earthquake occurred in 2008. Compared to the achievements of field surveying along the surface rupture zone,we found that our computational results are comparable to the real displacement variation trend. Furthermore,the computational results indicated that the surface displacement fields vary with the distance from the fault,and the vertical displacement fields show strong inhomogeneity,in which larger displacement is focused on the ends of the fault. However, in contrast to the vertical displacement,the horizontal displacement shows relative uniformity in space.

Differentiation of the Atmospheric Moisture Collected by Dew and Fog

Dew and fog play major roles in providing the atmospheric moisture for plants and arthropods living in arid regions all over the world. Studies are needed to discriminate between dew and fog. A radiation system was developed for measuring the incoming and outgoing solar （shortwave） radiation using two CM21 Kipp ＆ Zonen pyranometers （one inverted）, and the incoming （atmospheric） and outgoing （terrestrial） longwave radiation using two CG1 pyrgeometers in Logan （41047＇ N, 111~51＇ W, 1,460 m above mean sea level）, Utah, USA, continuously since 1995. These instruments are ventilated with heated air to prevent precipitation of dew and frost on the sensors, which otherwise would disturb the measurements. Based upon these measurements and an algorithm, the cloud base height, the cloud base temperature and percent of cloudiness can be parameterized at local scale. A cloud base height around zero would indicate fog at the local scale. In 1999, Bowen ratio system was added to measure the evapotranspiration, dew and frost continuously throughout the year at the same location close to the radiation system. Combining these two systems （radiation and Bowen ratio） has yielded a reasonable approach to differentiate between the atmospheric moistures collected by dew and fog.

EFFECTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC COLD SOURCE OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE QUASI 4-YEAR OSCILLATION OF OCEAN-ATMOSPHERIC-LAND INTERACTION

Using correlation analyses, composite analyses, and singular value decomposition, the relationship between the atmospheric cold source over the eastern Tibetan Plateau and atmospheric/ocean circulation is discussed. In winter, the anomaly of the strong (weak) atmospheric cold source over the eastern plateau causes low-level anomalous north (south) winds to appear in eastern China and low-level anomaly zonal west (east) winds to prevail in the equatorial Pacific from spring to autumn. This contributes to the anomalous warm (cold) sea surface temperature the following autumn and winter. In addition, the anomalous variation of sea surface temperature over the equatorial middle and eastern Pacific in winter can influence the snow depth and intensity of the cold source over the plateau in the following winter due to variation of the summer west Pacific subtropical high.

Application of Wavelet Decomposition to Removing Barometric and Tidal Response in Borehole Water Level

Wavelet decomposition is used to analyze barometric fluctuation and earth tidal response in borehole water level changes. We apply wavelet analysis method to the decomposition of barometric fluctuation and earth tidal response into several temporal series in different frequency ranges. Barometric and tidal coefficients in different frequency ranges are computed with least squares method to remove barometric and tidal response. Comparing this method with general linear regression analysis method, we find wavelet analysis method can efficiently remove barometric and earth tidal response in borehole water level. Wavelet analysis method is based on wave theory and vibration theories. It not only considers the frequency characteristic of the observed data but also the temporal characteristic, and it can get barometric and tidal coefficients in different frequency ranges. This method has definite physical meaning.

Understanding the Global Surface-Atmosphere Energy Balance in FGOALS-s2 through an Attribution Analysis of the Global Temperature Biases

Based on an attribution analysis of the global mean temperature biases in the Flexible Global Ocean- AtmOsphere-Land System model, spectral version 2 （FGOALS-s2） through a coupled atmosphere-surface ch- mate feedback-response analysis method （CFRAM）, the model＇s global surface-atmosphere energy balance in boreal winter and summer is examined. Within the en- ergy-balance-based CFRAM system, the model temperature biases are attributed to energy perturbations resulting from model biases in individual radiative and non-radia- tive processes in the atmosphere and at the surface. The results show that, although the global mean surface tem- perature （Ts） bias is only 0.38 K in January and 1.70 K in July, and the atmospheric temperature （Ta） biases from the troposphere to the stratosphere are only around ＋3 K at most, the temperature biases due to model biases in rep- resenting the individual radiative and non-radiative proc- esses are considerably large （over -4-10 K at most）. Spe- cifically, the global cold radiative Ts bias, mainly due to the overestimated surface albedo, is compensated for by the global warm non-radiative Ts bias that is mainly due to the overestimated downward surface heat fluxes. The model biases in non-radiative processes in the lower tro- posphere （up to 5-15 K） are relatively much larger than in upper levels, which are mainly responsible for the warm Ta biases there. In contrast, the global mean cold ira biases in the mid-to-upper troposphere are mainly dominated by radiative processes. The warm/cold Ta biases in the lower/upper stratosphere are dominated by non-radiative processes, while the warm ira biases in the mid-strato- sphere can be attributed to the radiative ozone feedback process.

An adaptive range-query optimization technique with distributed replicas

Replication is an approach often used to speed up the execution of queries submitted to a large dataset.A compile-time/run-time approach is presented for minimizing the response time of 2-dimensional range when a distributed replica of a dataset exists.The aim is to partition the query payload(and its range) into subsets and distribute those to the replica nodes in a way that minimizes a client's response time.However,since query size and distribution characteristics of data(data dense/sparse regions) in varying ranges are not known a priori,performing efficient load balancing and parallel processing over the unpredictable workload is difficult.A technique based on the creation and manipulation of dynamic spatial indexes for query payload estimation in distributed queries was proposed.The effectiveness of this technique was demonstrated on queries for analysis of archived earthquake-generated seismic data records.

Comparison of Design Response Spectrum for Long Period Structures Based on Scenario Earthquakes

Two kinds of determining methods for scenario earthquakes are presented in this paper,namely the weighted average method and maximum probability method. This paper briefly introduces the two methods,then taking a high-rise building in the Yantai area as a case study,we use the weighted average method and maximum probability method to realize seismic hazard analysis, determine earthquake magnitude, the epicenter and specific space position,and then give two response spectrums of the two methods. By comparing the differences of response spectrums between the two methods,we find that the weighted average method is more suitable for long period structures,while considering long period safety. The maximum probability method is more suitable for short period structures. It is reasonable to choose a corresponding different method when the structures have different natural vibration periods.

Changes of Atmospheric Water Balance over China under the IPCC SRES A1B Scenario Based on RegCM3 Simulations

Simulations of the Regional Climate Model Version 3 (RegCM3) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario were employed to investigate possible decadal changes and long-term trends of annual mean atmospheric water balance components over China in the 21st century with reference to the period of 1981-2000. An evaluation showed that RegCM3 can reasonably reproduce annual evapotranspiration, precipitation, and water vapor transport over China, with a better performance for March-June. It was found that the water vapor exchange between the land surface and atmosphere would be significantly intensified in Northwest China by the mid-to late-21st century and that the region would possibly shift to a wetter or drought-mitigated state under global warming. Conversely, the water vapor exchange evidently weakened over the Tibetan Plateau and South-west China by the mid-to late-21st century. In addition, there appears to be a drier state for Northeast China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley by the mid-to late-21st century, with slight mitigation by the end compared with the mid-21st century. The westerly and southwesterly water vapor transport over China generally presents an increasing trend, with increasing diver-gence over the Tibetan Plateau and Northeast China, corresponding to a loss of atmospheric water vapor by water vapor transport.