兰州河谷盆地大气多环芳烃干沉降通量及来源

利用大气被动干沉降采样技术对兰州河谷盆地13个采样点的15种USEPA优控PAHs的大气干沉降进行了观测研究,并对其污染特征及来源进行了解析.结果表明15种PAHs的年大气干沉降通量范围为7.48~53.94μg·(m^2·d)^(-1),均值为18.65μg·(m^2·d)^(-1);采暖期和非采暖期干沉降通量均在交通最为密集的采样点东岗桥最高,分别为60.85和47.03μg·(m^2·d)^(-1),植被较好的城区黄河边白塔山最低,分别为8.16和6.80μg·(m^2·d)^(-1),背景点官滩沟明显低于其他各采样点,为6.73μg·(m^2·d)^(-1)和4.92μg·(m^2·d)^(-1);PAHs干沉降的族谱特征为:两季节均以3、4环的Phe、Flua、Flu和Pyr为主要污染物,所占比例分别为采暖期87.53%、非采暖期82.73%,而非采暖期5、6环所占比例高于采暖期,推断可能由于较轻组分PAHs由于气温较高易挥发所致;利用主成分分析法进行源解析,结果表明:PAHs大气干沉降主要来自汽车尾气和燃煤炼焦,除交通采样点(东岗桥)外,采暖期燃煤、炼焦为主要贡献源,非采暖期以汽车尾气排放贡献为主.此外,本研究还运用干沉降模型,利用气象数据对城区(城关区环境保护局,JCZ)、工业区(西固区兰苑宾馆,LLH)和七里河区交通干道(职工医院,ZGH)采样点位的大气PAHs干沉降速率进行了模拟计算,3个采样点年均沉降速率分别为0.20、0.15和0.17 cm·s^(-1),相对较小,该沉降速率由该处的风速、气温和下垫面性质等综合气象条件决定.模拟计算与观测的3、4环组分干沉降通量值处于同一数量级,模拟通量值略大于观测值,4环PAHs吻合较好,而3环组分在观测过程中有部分挥发损失.

燃放烟花爆竹对大气颗粒物水溶性离子和多环芳烃污染特征研究

2007年春节燃放烟花爆竹时,在兰州市区和环境背景监测点同步连续采集TSP和PM_(10)样品,并利用高效液相色谱和离子色谱方法对其进行多环芳烃和水溶性无机离子的分析。结果表明,PM_(10)中的多环芳烃浓度比非燃放期平均质量浓度增加了78.7%。集中燃放烟花爆竹时,多环芳烃更容易沉积在相对较细的PM_(10)中。同时,无机水溶性离子中K^+比非燃放期质量浓度增加了92.8%,SO_3^(2-)的质量浓度增加了90.6%,NO_3^-的质量浓度增加了79.7%,Mg^(2+)的质量浓度增加了79.1%。说明在燃放烟花爆竹时,对当地大气颗粒物中的多环芳烃和无机水溶性阴阳离子都会造成严重的空气污染。在燃放期PM_(10)中多环芳烃质量浓度是TSP质量浓度的1.73倍,而在非燃放期结果恰好相反,多环芳烃质量浓度在TSP中高于PM_(10)。从质量浓度数值的变化上也明显观察到,与多环芳烃相比,燃放烟花爆竹对无机水溶性离子的影响更大。在除夕夜大量集中燃放烟花爆竹时,所产生大量烟雾会对周边大气环境造成一定的污染和影响。

A 200-Year Record of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in an Ombrotrophic Peatland in Great Hinggan Mountain, Northeast China

Peat bogs are regarded as one of the faithful archives of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) deposition, and a large number of studies on PAHs accumulation in peatlands have been reported in Europe and North America. Comparatively little information is available on peat chronological records of atmospheric PAHs flux in China. We investigated the concentrations and historical accumulation rates of PAHs(AR PAHs) through geochemical analysis of three 210Pb-dated ombrotrophic peat cores from Great Hinggan Mountain, northeast China. Eight USEPA priority PAHs were detected and they are naphthalene(Nap), acenaphthylene(Acl), acenaphthene(Ace), fluorence(Flu), phenanthrene(Phe), anthracene(Ant), fluoranthene(Fla) and pyrene(Pyr), respectively. The average total eight PAHs(tPAHs) concentrations are 135.98- 262.43 μg kg-1 and the average AR tPAHs over the last two centuries are 96.45- 135.98 μg m-2 yr-1. The Ace, Acl and Phe account for 30.93- 54.04%, 25.29- 35.81%, and 9.14- 19.84% of the tPAHs, respectively, and have significant positive correlations with the tPAH. As a result, they are regarded as the iconic compounds of PAHs pollution in this area. A ca.200-yr atmospheric PAHs contamination history was reconstructed from the temporal sequences of bothconcentration and AR tPAHs, suggesting the variation of local environmental pollution. The main sources of the PAHs are identified by two isomer ratios as petrogenic origin including oil extraction and refining process as well as their combustions for industrial development. In addition, the contribution of coal combustion for industrial activities and resident heating could not be ignored. But prior to 1860, the undeveloped industry and most of agricultural activities might mainly account for the low level of PAHs, although it could infer a long-range input of atmospheric PAHs from other industrial areas. Therefore, there is a global implication to study longterm PAHs pollution records and all the results will provide practical significance in formulating policies to achieve sustainable and healthy development.