选取发生在金华的5次区域性冰雹天气过程,应用常规观测资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,从天气形势背景、下垫面、物理条件和雷达回波演变等方面进行了综合分析。结果表明:区域性冰雹天气多发在午后到前半夜,落区多是引导气流前方山地的迎风...选取发生在金华的5次区域性冰雹天气过程,应用常规观测资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,从天气形势背景、下垫面、物理条件和雷达回波演变等方面进行了综合分析。结果表明:区域性冰雹天气多发在午后到前半夜,落区多是引导气流前方山地的迎风坡或是被大山包围、水体附近的迎风坡上;需要具备不稳定的大气层结(IC指数<-5℃)和适宜冰雹成长的温度层结(0℃层高度位于620 h Pa附近,-20℃层高度位于420 h Pa附近);垂直风切变和CAPE值都是区域性冰雹天气条件发生很好的表征;区域性冰雹天气按照风暴类型可以分为多个超级单体风暴和强烈多单体风暴两种,前者在雷达回波上反映更为明显和剧烈。展开更多
Turbulence data(2008–2012) from a 325 m meteorological tower in Beijing, which consisted of three layers(47,140, and 280 m), was used to analyze the vertical distribution characteristics of turbulent transfer over Be...Turbulence data(2008–2012) from a 325 m meteorological tower in Beijing, which consisted of three layers(47,140, and 280 m), was used to analyze the vertical distribution characteristics of turbulent transfer over Beijing city according to similarity theory. The conclusions were as follows.(1) Normalized standard deviations of wind speeds/ui * were plotted as a function only of a local stability parameter. The values under near-neutral conditions were 2.15, 1.61, and 1.19 at 47 m, 2.39, 1.75,and 1.21 at 140 m, and 2.51, 1.77, and 1.30 at 280 m, showing a clear increase with height. The normalized standard deviation of wind components fitted the 1/3 law under unstable stratification conditions and decreased with height under both stable and unstable conditions.(2) The normalized standard deviation of temperature fitted the.1/3 law in the free convection limit, but was quite scattered with different characteristics under near-neutral conditions. The normalized standard deviations of humidity and the CO2 concentration fitted the.1/3 law under unstable conditions, and remained constant under near-neutral and stable stratification. The normalized standard deviation of scalars, i.e., temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration, all increased with height.(3) Compared with momentum, and the water vapor and CO2 concentrations, the turbulence correlation coefficient for heat was smaller under near-neutral conditions, but larger under both stable and unstable conditions. A dissimilarity between heat, and the water vapor and CO2 concentrations was observed in urban areas. The relative correlation coefficients between heat and each of momentum, humidity, and CO2 concentration(|rwT/ruw|, |rwT/rwc| and |rwT/ruq|) in the lower layers were always larger than in higher layers, except for the relative correlation coefficient between heat and humidity in an unstable stratification. Therefore, the ratio between heat and each of momentum, humidity, and CO2 concentration decreased with height.展开更多
文摘选取发生在金华的5次区域性冰雹天气过程,应用常规观测资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,从天气形势背景、下垫面、物理条件和雷达回波演变等方面进行了综合分析。结果表明:区域性冰雹天气多发在午后到前半夜,落区多是引导气流前方山地的迎风坡或是被大山包围、水体附近的迎风坡上;需要具备不稳定的大气层结(IC指数<-5℃)和适宜冰雹成长的温度层结(0℃层高度位于620 h Pa附近,-20℃层高度位于420 h Pa附近);垂直风切变和CAPE值都是区域性冰雹天气条件发生很好的表征;区域性冰雹天气按照风暴类型可以分为多个超级单体风暴和强烈多单体风暴两种,前者在雷达回波上反映更为明显和剧烈。
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41275023, 91537212 & 410210040)
文摘Turbulence data(2008–2012) from a 325 m meteorological tower in Beijing, which consisted of three layers(47,140, and 280 m), was used to analyze the vertical distribution characteristics of turbulent transfer over Beijing city according to similarity theory. The conclusions were as follows.(1) Normalized standard deviations of wind speeds/ui * were plotted as a function only of a local stability parameter. The values under near-neutral conditions were 2.15, 1.61, and 1.19 at 47 m, 2.39, 1.75,and 1.21 at 140 m, and 2.51, 1.77, and 1.30 at 280 m, showing a clear increase with height. The normalized standard deviation of wind components fitted the 1/3 law under unstable stratification conditions and decreased with height under both stable and unstable conditions.(2) The normalized standard deviation of temperature fitted the.1/3 law in the free convection limit, but was quite scattered with different characteristics under near-neutral conditions. The normalized standard deviations of humidity and the CO2 concentration fitted the.1/3 law under unstable conditions, and remained constant under near-neutral and stable stratification. The normalized standard deviation of scalars, i.e., temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration, all increased with height.(3) Compared with momentum, and the water vapor and CO2 concentrations, the turbulence correlation coefficient for heat was smaller under near-neutral conditions, but larger under both stable and unstable conditions. A dissimilarity between heat, and the water vapor and CO2 concentrations was observed in urban areas. The relative correlation coefficients between heat and each of momentum, humidity, and CO2 concentration(|rwT/ruw|, |rwT/rwc| and |rwT/ruq|) in the lower layers were always larger than in higher layers, except for the relative correlation coefficient between heat and humidity in an unstable stratification. Therefore, the ratio between heat and each of momentum, humidity, and CO2 concentration decreased with height.
