从“指标下压”到“利益协调”:大气治污的公共环境管理检讨与模式转换

中国现行公共环境管理可以概括为计划与层级控制取向的"指标下压"型模式,其主要特征体现为对环境指标的压力型和动员型管理、属地化和部门化管理、下沉式和交易式管理三个方面,尽管各有其意义所在,但却一致体现出和受制于极易与生态构成张力的发展主义理念的追求,以及造成政府内外各种协调机制缺失的问题,导致大气治污乃至其他环境公害治理存在着难以排解的结构性失灵。为有效应对具有跨界性、复合型特征的大气污染以及其他环境问题,应扬弃"指标下压"型模式,走向"利益协调"型模式。后者在理念层面,强调和增进与发展主义志趣相异的"包容性治理";制度层面,则更为注重利益相关各方采取协商、契约的行为方式,以利益激发与共享为导向,综合采用各种策略,建构和完善政府体系内纵横协调机制,以及政府与企业、社会力量之间的协调机制。

大气污染治理的“兰州经验”分析

在全国大气污染日趋严重的今天,兰州市直面大气污染的挑战,以建设美丽中国的发展理念为目标导向,创造性地提出并实践了“兰州经验”,最终完成了由“黑兰州”向“兰州蓝”的转变,为我国解决大气污染问题提供了宝贵经验。文章总结了兰州市独具特色的大气治理理念和治理模式,探讨“兰州经验”的可取可用之处,并对未来“兰州经验”的深化创新作出了展望。

基于文献计量的电力大数据研究热点分析

为研究大数据在电力行业的应用情况和研究热点,运用文献计量学方法,以国内数据库收录的2020年-2021年中文北大核心文献数据为来源、以CiteSpace,v.6.1 R2为分析软件,从研究文献数量、关键词聚类、研究机构合作、关键词突现的角度对相关文献题录进行统计分析及数据挖掘。分析结果表明,国内对于电力大数据的研究整体呈现上升趋势,相关学者和学术机构、企业对电力大数据的研究、合作比较紧密。人工智能、神经网络、机器学习仍将是未来的研究热点,大气治污、电力环保、负荷预测、能源互联网将是电力大数据的重点应用服务方向。

能源输送转型困境的症结解析与破解路径——基于多区域CGE模型的“三西”地区-京津冀地区“输煤转输电”研究

“输煤转输电”对于改善能源受端地区生态环境和减少煤炭消费具有重要作用,但现实中却陷入困境.本文基于“三西”地区向京津冀地区“输煤转输电”实践,利用多区域CGE模型定量分析了“输煤转输电”对二者的环境、经济和社会效应.发现当前“输煤转输电”能源输送转型困境的根本症结在于能源送端与受端地区之间利益失衡,即京津冀地区大气环境获益而“三西”地区却遭受大气环境和经济双重负面冲击.本文结合“十四五”大气环保目标,得出2021–2025年“三西”地区向京津冀地区“输煤转输电”的年均增长合理区间为[14%,27%],提出对两地区开展联合大气治污的环保优化税率区间,以及经济补偿和分配方案.本文为摆脱“输煤转输电”转型困境提供了破解路径和方案参考,有助于京津冀地区顺利完成生态目标.

Particulate matter trends and quantification of the spring sand-dust contribution in Hohhot,Inner Mongolia,from 2013 to 2017

On 10 September 2013,the State Council promulgated the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution(hereinafter referred to as the Action Plan).To study the variations in the air pollutant concentrations in Hohhot during the implementation of the Action Plan and the effects of various measures,the daily concentrations of air pollutants(fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)),inhalable PM(PM 10),SO_(2),and NO_(2))in Hohhot published by the China Environmental Monitoring Station were obtained to analyze the general meteorological conditions in Inner Mongolia from 2013 to 2017.The variations and causes of the ambient PM concentration in Hohhot were examined,and the quantitative influence of sandstorms on the ambient PM concentration in Hohhot was analyzed by selecting the spring season with frequent sandstorms as an example.The results showed the following.(1)The air quality in Hohhot continuously improved,and compared with those in 2013,the PM_(2.5)and PM 10 concentrations decreased by 24.6%and 48.2%,respectively,in 2017.However,the air pollutant concentrations remained high,with the average PM_(2.5)and PM 10 concentrations exceeding the national secondary standards by 22.9%and 35.7%,respectively.(2)The reductions in the spring PM_(2.5)and PM 10 concentrations were 5.6%and 8.9%,respectively,and the annual decreases in the PM_(2.5)and PM 10 concentrations were 3.6 and 15.1μg m^(−3)yr−1,respectively,from 2013 to 2017.(3)The absolute contribution ranges of dust weather to the concentrations of PM_(2.5),PM 10,and TSP during 2013–17 were 0.6–5.2μg m^(−3),9.0–16.9μg m^(−3),and 14.7–30.0μg m^(−3),respectively,in Hohhot during the spring.

Inactivation of Giardia by Ozone and Its Disinfect Mechanisms

This study was to investigate the effect of ozone （ O3 ） inactivation on Giardia in water by the fluorescence staining method. In order to elucidate the dominant mechanisms of inactivation, cell surface or inner cell components damage were comparatively examined by scanning dectron microscopy （SEM）. Results suggested that O3 had a stronger effect on inactivating capability. Firstly, when the concentration of O3 was above 2.0 mg/L and the contact time was up to 5 min, it showed a significant inactivating effect. Secondly, the effect of turbidity on inactivation was also found to be significant in synthetic water; when turbidity increased, the inactivating effect decreased. Thirdly, the inactivating rates were improved with a temperature increase from 5 to 25℃, but decreased when the temperature were out of this range. The inactivating capability of O3 was stronger under acidic conditions than alkalic conditions. Lastly, when the concentration of organic matter in the reactive system was increased, probably due to the competition between G/ard/a and organics on O3, the inactivating rate was decreased; in addition, the cellular morphology of Giardia varied with different contact times. At contact time of 30 s, cells were rotundity and sphericity; at 60 s they became folded, underwent emboly, and burst; and at 240 s, the cell membrane of Giardia shrinked and collapsed completely.

Microbial Function, Enzymatic Activities and Diversity in an Anaerobic-Anoxic-Aerobic Reactor System

Enzymatic activities of beta-gincosidase （ β-GLC ）, （ LAP）, and alkaline phosphatase （ APA）, corresponding to nutrient eliminations, and the microbial community structures were analyzed in an anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic reactor system. Results showed that most activity of β-GLC （64.2 μmoi/（ L · h ）） associated with the largest fraction of small- molecular-weight carbohydrates was found in the aerobic reactor, indicating the existence of coupled hydrolysis-uptake mechanism in the aerobic bacteria. Similar activities of LAP presented in the anoxic and aerobic environments, whose increases accompanied by increments in nitrogen uptake rates greatly accelerated the processes of aerobic nitrification and anoxic denitrification. The highest APA activity displayed in the anaerobic reactor, however, dephosphorization performance was mainly achieved under aerobic condition. Microbial community fingerprints generated by polymerase chain reaction amplification and denaturing gradient gel dectrophoresls （ PCR-DGGE ） revealed that Proteobacterium, Actinobacterium, and Nitrosplra were the predominant classes in the activated sindge and there was no evidence of community variations among each function reactor in the system with biomass recycling.

Ecology, Environment, Sustainability： The Development of the Environmental Movement in Israel

The article surveys the development of the environmental movement in Israel from the establishment of the state through the present day. Based on trends and transformations in the institutional planning system, it appears that activism by environmental movement organizations in Israel can be divided into three sub-periods： the establishment period, marked by the Sharon Plan, the founding of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel and MALRAZ--Council for the Prevention of Noise and Air Pollution in Israel, and the enactment of the Kanovitch Law and the National Parks and Nature Reserves Law （1963）. The next phase of institutionalization is characterized by the establishment of designated institutional bodies--the Nature Reserves Authority, the National Parks Authority and the Environmental Protection Service, and their integration into the national planning system. The institutionalization period concludes with the establishment of the Ministry of the Environment （1989） and the transition to the third period, sustainability. Prominent during this period is a trend toward multidimensional proactive environmental planning and policymaking, reaching across many areas and including extensive regulation As far as environmental organizations are concerned, these three periods comprised a framework of cultural action in which they developed, acted and shaped environmental discourse and practice in Israel. Based on other studies, the article offers a model that illustrates the development of the environmental movement while emphasizing the interaction between individual actors, local organizing and national organizations. Finally, some characteristics and insights regarding activism by environmental organizations in Israel are suggested.

A Study of China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Policy Framework from a Policy Instrument Perspective

Environmental pollution caused by rapid economic development like that seen in China over the past twenty years poses various threats to human health. People have started to place much more of an emphasis on environmental security, working to find a balance between sustainability and economic growth. In recent years, air pollution has emerged as a highly discussed topic of social and environmental relevance in China, due in part to persistent smog that affects everyday life and causes serious harm to human health. Although air pollution is normally associated with human activity, is can be caused by natural processes such as eruptions and forest fires, but is always characterized by the release of certain substances into the atmosphere which, when present in certain concentrations or for given durations, can harm human health, daily life, productivity, and other aspects. In humans, it mainly affects the respiratory system, notably the lungs, as well as the immune system. A series of studies both in China and overseas have shown, in certain cases, even low concentrations of air pollution can pose a great threat to human health. In this study, we conducted an analysis of air quality policies, focusing on the 2018 revision of the People’s Republic of China’s Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution(LPCAP). We utilized the content analysis method and Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory to construct a policy framework, demarcate analysis units, code and classify policy texts, determine descriptive statistics, and analyze dimensional interactions. We used two dimensions(basic policy instruments classified as demand-, supply-, and environment-side;and air carrying capacity) to quantify and analyze the LPCAP, which enabled us to analyze the deficiencies and conflicts within policy instruments. The results show a higher utilization frequency of environment-side policy instruments, particularly regulation management and strategic measures. This reflects efforts by the government to create a favorable environment for improving air quality. Additionally, supply-side policy instruments are used far less frequently than environment-side policy instruments. Air quality legal policies and pollution control measures mainly consist of environment-side policy instruments;ecological thinking and air quality policies that are based mainly on supply-side and environment-side policy instruments;and social coordination policies that mainly use environment-side policy instruments. Based on the results of this study, we recommend an increase in the number of supply-and demand-side policy instruments, particularly the latter which includes promoting ecological thinking amongst citizens, to optimize and improve air pollution prevention and control policies.