Effect of annealing temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Zr-Nd alloy with large final rolling deformation

In this study,the Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-χNd(χ=0,0.6)alloys were subjected to final rolling treatment with large deformation of 50%.The impact of annealing temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated.The rolled Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-0.6Nd alloy exhibited an ultimate tensile strength of 386 MPa,a yield strength of 361 MPa,and an elongation of 7.1%.Annealing at different temperatures resulted in reduced strength and obviously increased elongation for both alloys.Optimal mechanical properties for the Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-0.6Nd alloy were achieved after annealing at 200℃,with an ultimate tensile strength of 287 MPa,a yield strength of 235 MPa,and an elongation of 26.1%.The numerous deformed microstructures,twins,and precipitated phases in the rolled alloy could impede the deformation at room temperature and increase the work hardening rate.After annealing,a decrease in the work hardening effect and an increase in the dynamic recovery effect were obtained due to the formation of fine equiaxed grains,and the increased volume fraction of precipitated phases,which significantly improved the elongation of the alloy.Additionally,the addition of Nd element could enhance the annealing recrystallization rate,reduce the Schmid factor difference between basal and prismatic slip systems,facilitate multi-system slip initiation and improve the alloy plasticity.

航天用微簧结构柱栅阵列组装工艺及可靠性研究进展

随着深空探测卫星、可重复发射火箭等航天产品的应用发展,传统高可靠核心电子器件陶瓷球栅阵列(CBGA)、锡柱陶瓷柱栅阵列(CCGA)封装形式面临大温变、高冲击、长时振动等环境带来的极为严峻的组装可靠性挑战。新型微簧结构柱栅阵列封装因其特殊封装形式带来的优势成为上述恶劣环境下可靠应用的新选择。对微簧结构柱栅阵列发展、组装工艺及可靠性研究现状进行了总结分析,主要包括国内外微簧结构柱栅阵列封装的器件级微簧植装和板级组装两方面。进一步结合传统成熟锡柱CCGA的研究情况,综合考虑国内外微簧结构柱栅阵列研究现状及国内航天产品服役场景,给出了微簧结构柱栅阵列封装实现可靠应用的研究思路。

Single-Stage Wide-Range CMOS VGA with Temperature Compensation and Linear-in-dB Gain Control

A novel wide-range CMOS variable gain amplifier （VGA） topology is presented. The proposed VGA is composed of a variable transconductor and a novel variable output resistor and can offer a high gain variation range of 80dB while using a single variable-gain stage. Temperature-compensation and decibel-linear gain characteristic are achieved by using a control circuit that provides a gain error lower than ±1.5dB over the full temperature and gain ranges. Realized in 0.25μm CMOS technology, a prototype of the proposed VGA provides a total gain range of 64.5dB with 55.6dB-linear range,a P-1dB varying from - 17.5 to 11.5dBm,and a 3dB-bandwith varying from 65 to 860MHz while dissipating 16.5mW from a 2.5V supply voltage.

Long-term variability of the sharp thermocline in the Yellow and East China Seas

Based on observed temperature data since the 1950s, long-term variability of the summer sharp thermocline in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （YSCWM） and East China Sea Cold Eddy （ECSCE） areas is examined. Relationships between the thermocline and atmospheric and oceanic forcing were investigated using multiyear wind, Kuroshio discharge and air temperature data. Results show that： 1） In the YSCWM area, thermocline strength shows about 4-year and 16-year period oscillations. There is high correlation between summer thermocline strength and local atmospheric temperature in summer and the previous winter; 2） In the ECSCE area, interannual oscillation of thermocline strength with about a 4-year period （stronger in El Nifio years） is strongly correlated with that of local wind stress. A transition from weak to strong thermocline during the mid 1970s is consistent with a 1976/1977 climate shift and Kuroshio volume transport; 3） Long-term changes of the thermocline in both regions are mainly determined by deep layer water, especially on the decadal timescale. However, surface water can modify the thermocline on an interannual timescale in the YSCWM area.

Using a Tree Ring δ^(13)C Annual Series to Reconstruct Atmospheric CO_2 Concentration over the Past 300 Years

The annual series of δ13C were measured in tree rings of three Cryptomeria fortunei disks （OF-1, OF-2, and OF- 3） collected from West Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province, China, according to cross-dating tree ring ages. There was no obvious decreasing trend of the δ13C annual time series of CF-2 before 1835. However, from 1835 to 1982 the three tree ring δ13C annual series exhibited similar decreasing trends that were significantly （P ≤ 0.001） correlated. The distribution characteristics of a scatter diagram between estimated δ13C series of CF-2 from modeling and the atmospheric CO2 concentration extracted from the Law Dome ice core from 1840 to 1978 were analyzed and a curvilinear regression equation for reconstructing atmospheric CO2 concentration was established with R2 = 0.98. Also, a test of independent samples indicated that between 1685 and 1839 the reconstructed atmospheric CO2 concentration .using the δ13C series of CF-2 had a close relationship with the Law Dome and Siple ice cores, with a standard deviation of 1.98. The general increasing trend of the reconstructed atmospheric CO2 concentration closely reflected the 10ng-term variation of atmospheric CO2 concentration recorded both before and after the Industrial Revolution. Between 1685 and 1840 the evaluated atmospheric CO2 concentration was stable, but after 1840 it exhibited a rapid increase. Given a longer δ13C annual time series of tree rings, it was feasible to rebuild a representative time series to describe the atmospheric CO2 concentration for an earlier period and for years that were not in the ice core record.

Southern Ocean SST Variability and Its Relationship with ENSO on Inter-Decadal Time Scales

Empirical orthogonal function （EOF） analysis reveals a co-variability of Sea surface temperatures （SSTs） in the Southern Hemisphere （0°-60°S）. In the South Indian and Atlantic Oceans, there is a subtropical dipole pattern slanted in the southwest-northeast direction. In the South Pacific Ocean, a meridional tripole structure emerges, whose middle pole co-varies with the dipoles in the South Indian and Atlantic Oceans and is used in this study to track subtropical Pacific variability. The South Indian and Atlantic Ocean dipoles and the subtropical Pacific variability are phase-locked in austral summer. On the inter-decadal time scales, the dipoles in the South Indian and Atlantic Oceans weaken in amplitude after 1979/1980. No such weakening is found in the subtropical South Pacific Ocean. Interestingly, despite the reduced amplitude, the correlation of the Indian Ocean and Atlantic dipoles with E1 Nino and Southern Oscillation （ENSO） are enhanced after 1979/1980. The same increase in correlation is found for subtropical South Pacific variability after 1979/1980. These inter-decadal modulations imply that the Southern Hemisphere participates in part of the climate shift in the late 1970s. The correlation between Southern Hemisphere SST and ENSO reduces after 2000.

Evaluation of Surface Air Temperature Change over China and the Globe during the Twentieth Century in IAP AGCM4.0

Based on time series and linear trend analysis, the authors evaluated the performance of the fourth gen- eration atmospheric general circulation model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences （IAP AGCM4.0）, in simulating surface air temperature （SAT） during the twentieth century over China and the globe. The numerical experiment is con- ducted by driving the model with the observed sea surface temperature and sea ice. It is shown that IAP AGCM4.0 can simulate the warming trend of the global SAT, with the major wanning regions in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and the mid-latitudes of the South- ern Hemisphere. While the simulated trend over the whole globe is close to the observation, the model trader- estimates the observed trend over the continents. More- over, the model simulates the spatial distribution of SAT in China, with a bias of approximately -2℃ in eastern China, but with a more serious bias in western China. Compared with the global mean, however, the correlation coefficient between the simulation and observation in China is significantly lower, indicating that there is large uncertainty in simulating regional climate change.

Response of North Pacific and North Atlantic decadal variability to weak global warming

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO） and the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability （AMV） are the two dominant low-frequency modes in the climate system. This research focused on the response of these two modes under weak global warming. Observational data were derived from the Hadley Center Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset （HadISST） and coupled model outputs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5）. Changes in PDO and AMV were examined using four models （bcc-csml-1, CCSM4, IPSL-CM5A-LR, and MPI- ESM-LR） with long weak global warming scenarios （RCP2.6）. These models captured the two low-frequency modes in both pre-industrial run and RCP2.6 run. Under weak global warming, the time scales of PDO and AMV significantly decreased while the amplitude only slightly decreased. Interestingly, the standard deviation of the North Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA） decreased only in decadal time scale, and that of the North Atlantic SSTA decreased both in interannual and decadal time scales. The coupled system consists of a slow ocean component, which has a decadal time scale, and a fast atmospheric component, which is calculated by subtracting the decadal from the total. Results suggest that under global warming, PDO change is dominated by ocean dynamics, and AMV change is dominated by ocean dynamics and stochastic atmosphere forcing.

Interdecadal Variations of Winter Temperatures in East China During the Past 100 Years and Related Atmospheric Circulation

The winter temperature changes in East China during the past 100 years are investigated by using the Twentieth Century Version 2(20th-v2)Reanalysis.Four typical warm(P1,1911–30;P4,1991–2010)and cold(P2,1938–57;P3,1961–80)periods are identified for the East China winter temperature index.Comparison of160-station observational data,NCAR sea level pressure(SLP)data,and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis shows that the20th-v2 Reanalysis can successfully depict the major features of the warming from P3 to P4,which is part of the global warming phenomenon.The cooling from P1 to P2is a regional phenomenon under global warming.However,both changes are consistent with the phase change of the Arctic Oscillation(AO),while the second change is also accompanied by the phase change of Antarctic Oscillation(AAO)from negative to positive.Original sources of the interdecadal shifts of the AO and winter temperature in East China require further research.

Tensile properties of as-deformed 2A50 aluminum alloy in semi-solid state

Tensile properties of as-deformed 2A50 aluminum alloy were investigated in the high temperature solid and semi-solid states. The results show that temperature has almost no effect on the maximum tensile stress between 500 ℃ and 530 ℃, and the maximum tensile stress decreases rapidly when the temperature is above 532 ℃. The ductility decreases with increasing temperature and has an obvious fall when the temperature is above solidus temperature. This alloy almost has no ductility above 537 ℃, and cannot sustain tensile stress above 550℃. A brittle temperature range in which this alloy is prone to form microcracks was derived. The relation between microstructure, fraction solid and tensile properties were also investigated by examining the metallograph and fracture surface morphology of tested specimens, which could provide reference for forecasting the microcracks in this alloy occurring in semi-solid processing.

Response of Northern Hemispheric Air Temperature to Arctic Sea Ice Decline

Two numerical experiments were performed by using the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 （CAM3） with different sea ice datasets to assess the con- tribution of the decline of Arctic sea ice to warming in the Northern Hemisphere. One observed sea ice cover data; experiment was driven by for the other one, the authors used the sea ice data of the 4xCO2 scenario simulated by the fourth-generation European Centre Hamburg atmos- pheric general circulation Model of Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy （1NGV ECHAM4）. The comparison of the two experiments indicates that the de- cline of the Arctic sea ice leads to a dramatic wanning over the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, char- acterized by a maximum warming of more than 26~C over the Arctic region. The significant warming is closely re- lated to the enhanced atmospheric heat source. A 40-60 W m-2 increase in the apparent heat source was simulated in winter due to the decline of Arctic sea ice. In contrast, no significant change was found in the atmospheric ap- parent heat source in summer. As a result, the summer temperature change induced by the decline of Arctic sea ice appears to be weak. This study suggests that accurate sea ice cover data is crucial for future climate projection of air temperature in high latitudes.

Enhanced correlation between ENSO and western North Pacific monsoon during boreal summer around the 1990s

The correlation between summertime Nino3.4 index and western North Pacific(WNP)summer monsoon index has strikingly enhanced since the early 1990 s,with nonsignificant correlation before the early1990 s but significant correlation afterward.This observed interdecadal change around the 1990 s may be associated with more frequent occurrences of central Pacific(CP)El Nino and the interdecadal changes in ENSO-associated SST anomalies.During the post-1990 s period(the pre-1990 s period),highly noticeable tropical Atlantic(Indian)Ocean SST anomalies tend to co-occur with the summertime Nino3.4 SST anomalies.The concurrent tropical Atlantic(Indian)Ocean SST anomalies could constructively reinforce(destructively mitigate)the WNP monsoon circulation anomalies induced by the summertime Nino3.4 SST,thus boosting(muting)the correlation between summertime Nino3.4 SST and WNP monsoon.In addition,the faster decaying pace of preceding-winter El Nino after the 1990 s,which may have been mainly induced by the influences from the spring tropical North Atlantic SST anomalies,could also have contributed to the enhanced correlation between the summertime Nino3.4 index and WNP monsoon.These results suggest that the enhanced influences from the tropical Atlantic SST may have triggered the intensified correlation between summertime ENSO and WNP monsoon since the early 1990 s.

Three-Dimensional Structure of Optimal Nonlinear Excitation for Decadal Variability of the Thermohaline Circulation

The decadal variability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation(THC) is investigated within a three-dimensional ocean circulation model using the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation method. The results show that the optimal initial perturbations of temperature and salinity exciting the strongest decadal THC variations have similar structures: the perturbations are mainly in the northwestern basin at a depth ranging from 1500 to 3000 m. These temperature and salinity perturbations act as the optimal precursors for future modifications of the THC, highlighting the importance of observations in the northwestern basin to monitor the variations of temperature and salinity at depth. The decadal THC variation in the nonlinear model initialized by the optimal salinity perturbations is much stronger than that caused by the optimal temperature perturbations, indicating that salinity variations might play a relatively important role in exciting the decadal THC variability. Moreover, the decadal THC variations in the tangent linear and nonlinear models show remarkably different characteristics, suggesting the importance of nonlinear processes in the decadal variability of the THC.

Effects of non-isothermal annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of severely deformed aluminum samples:Modeling and experiment

In order to investigate the evolution of microstructure and flow stress during non-isothermal annealing,aluminum samples were subjected to strain magnitudes of 1, 2 and 3 by performing 2, 4 and 6 passes of multi-directional forging. Then, the samples were non-isothermally annealed up to 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 ℃. The evolution of dislocation density and flow stress was studied via modeling of deformation and annealing stages. It was found that 2, 4 and 6 passes multi-directionally forged samples show thermal stability up to temperatures of 250, 250 and 300 ℃, respectively. Modeling results and experimental data were compared and a reasonable agreement was observed. It was noticed that 2 and 4 passes multi-directionally forged samples annealed non-isothermally up to 350 ℃ have a lower experimental flow stress in comparison with the flow stress achieved from the model.The underlying reason is that the proposed non-isothermal annealing model is based only on the intragranular dislocation density evolution, which only takes into account recovery and recrystallization phenomena. However, at 350℃ grain growth takes place in addition to recovery and recrystallization,which is the source of discrepancy between the modeling and experimental flow stress.

Interdecadal Variability in Large and Small Warm Pools in Western Pacific and Their Association with Rainfall Anomalies

This study investigated interdecadal variability of June–October(JJASO) the large and small warm pools in western Pacific and their association with rainfall anomalies using station and reanalysis data from 1958 to 2008.The results indicated that the large and small warm pools in western Pacific showed an interdecadal shift around 1986.The large warm pool years over western Pacific were found after 1986,whereas the small warm pool years were often seen throughout the periods before 1986.The analysis results also showed that there were obvious interdecadal variability in JJASO rainfall in Southeast China and warm pool in western Pacific.During 1958–1985(small warm pool years),the decrease in rainfall was associated with tropospheric moisture divergence and sinking motion over Southeast China and warm pool in western Pacific.However,during 1986–2008(large warm pool years),the increase in rainfall was associated with tropospheric moisture convergence and ascending motion.Further analysis showed that large warm pool contributed to the increase in surface latent heat fluxes over warm pool in the western Pacific.Thus,there was an increase in the amount of water vapor over Southeast China and warm pool in western Pacific,which contributed to increased rainfall in these regions.

Verification of the stomatal conductance of Nebbiolo grapevine

Wine is one of the most important Italian export products,and Nebbiolo is one of the most respected Italian grapes. In the summer of 2007,a measurement campaign was carried out in a Nebbiolo vineyard located in Vezza d’Alba,near Cuneo,Italy. Using a gauge of trade gases and some other instruments,we recorded the stomatal conductance and also some physiological parameters useful for estimating the dependence of stomatal conductance on environmental variables. The goal of this experiment was improving the parameterization of grapevine evapotranspiration through the assessment of the stomatal conductance and,in particular,of the functional dependence of the stomatal conductance on the following variables:the photosynthetically active radiation,the atmospheric temperature,the atmospheric moisture deficit,and the carbon dioxide concentration. The observations allowed us to check and,in some cases,to adapt the existing general parameterizations found in literature. The results showed some significant differences with the existing parameterizations concerning the atmospheric temperature,the atmospheric moisture deficit,and the carbon dioxide concentration. The parameterizations obtained in this experiment,although referring to a specific plant and site(namely the Nebbiolo at Vezza d’Alba),could allow assessment of the best environmental conditions under which the Nebbiolo grapevine production is the best,and in future could be tested for other grapevines or climates.

Modulation by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation of the intensity of the interannual seesaw between the Somali and Australian cross-equatorial flows

The decadal variation of the intensity of the interannual opposite connection （seesaw） between the Somali and Australian cross-equatorial flows （CEFs） is investigated. During the period prior to the mid-1960s, and after the early-2000s, the intensity of the interannual seesaw connection is significantly weaker relative to the period between. Such interdecadal shifts in the interannual seesaw intensity bear a resemblance to the decadal shift in ENSO＇s strength, and can be further attributed to the phase transition of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation （AMO）. When the AMO is in a positive phase, the ENSO amplitude reduces and the seesaw strength becomes weakened, and vice versa.The historical simulation outputs of the CMIP5 models are used to verify the connection, and a similar result was obtained. Thus, the notion that the intensity of the interannual opposite connection （seesaw） between the CEFs is modulated by the AMO is robust.

Eurasian Winter Cooling: Intercomparison of Reanalyses and CMIP5 Data Sets

A cooling trend in wintertime surface air temperature over continental Eurasia has been identified in reanalysis and the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 5(CMIP5)‘historical’simulations over the period 1989–2009.Here the authors have shown that this cooling trend is related to changes in Arctic sea-ice around the Barents-Kara seas.This study illustrates a consistent spatial and temporal structure of the wintertime temperature variability centered over Asia using state-of-the-art reanalyses and global climate model datasets.Our findings indicate that there is a physical basis for seasonal predictions of near-surface temperatures over continental Asia based on changes to the ice-cover in the Barents-Kara seas.

Contribution of El Nino amplitude change to tropical Pacific precipitation decline in the late 1990s

Equatorial central Pacific precipitation experienced a prominent decline in the late 1990 s.This change was previously attributed to a La Nina-like mean sea surface temperature(SST)change in the Pacific Ocean associated with a phase switch of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation.Here,using a series of model experiments,the authors reveal that the El Nino-related interannual SST anomalies contributed largely to the precipitation decrease over the equatorial central Pacific.This El Nino SST effect was due to the change in the amplitude of El Nino events in the late 1990 s.The 1980-98 decade had more large-amplitude El Nino events than the 1999-2014 decade.The nonlinear precipitation response to SST anomalies resulted in a larger decadal mean precipitation in the 1980-98 decade than in the 1999-2014 decade.The results highlight the importance of El Nino amplitude change in future climate change related to global warming.

Effects of Nitrogen-controlled Atmosphere Storage on the Quality of Ordinary Late Japonica Rice

Nitrogen-controlled atmosphere has been internationally recognized as a green grain storage technology.This study used Jiangsu ordinary late japonica rice as the test material and investigated the effects of different nitrogen concentrations(88%,93%,and 98%)and different storage temperatures(10,20,and 30℃)on the rice quality indexes during nitrogen-controlled atmosphere storage.The results showed that the water content of rice in different nitrogen-controlled atmosphere groups fluctuated between 12.85%~13.15%at 20℃,which was significantly lower than that in the control group.High-concentration nitrogen-controlled atmosphere treatment(93%and 98%)effectively slowed down the fatty acid value,malondialdehyde(MDA)content,and electrical conductivity of rice,and also significantly inhibited the rapid increase in the final viscosity and water absorption of rice starch,while the changes in the peak viscosity and attenuation value of rice were not significantly different from those of the control group.Meanwhile,the impacts of controlled atmosphere storage with 98%nitrogen concentration on the water content,fatty acid value,MDA content,electrical conductivity,gelatinization characteristics,and water absorption of rice at 10,20,and 30℃were studied.It was found that all quality parameters,except the MDA content,changed most gently at 10℃.In conclusion,the combined treatment of nitrogen-controlled atmosphere storage(98%)and low temperature(10℃)can effectively delay the quality deterioration of ordinary late japonica rice.