庄子如何看待“知”——论“小知不及大知”之含义

对于"知",常人往往重视知识的多少与对错,而庄子却重视求知方法和心态;常人往往惯用自己的认知标准去衡量别人知识的多少和对错,而庄子讲究消除这种固定的标准和成见。庄子讲的"小知"是指以自己的立场带着是非之成见和好恶之私心来审视、分辨事物的小聪明;"大知"是指包容万物、不分彼我的高深智慧,即"无知之知",关键在于强调不以特定的眼光和标准去非议事物,一切互通于自然、混沌而无定分。庄子讲究的求知方法不同于儒家提倡的明察是非之分,他强调摒除是非成见、好恶私心,通过"去小知"的方法最终达到"真人有真知"的修为境界。

论“大知”之作为“中华共识”--兼论余英时“反智论”与中国哲学“大知识论”

我们称中国文化各家各派之"共识"为"中华共识",如"太一"、"太极"、"太和"等,均是"中华共识";"大知"、"大仁"、"大勇"等,也是"中华共识"。辨明"大知"之作为"中华共识",在学术及新文化构建上具有重要意义:儒、释、道诸家只有"术"不同,而没有"道"不同;应对西方文化之"知识论"的挑战,我们最好以各家共有之"大知"与"大知识论"为武器。中国哲学中有一个"大知识论",它以不追求"纯粹知识"、不追求"为知识而知识"为根本目标。"大知"与"大知识论"之作为"中华共识",乃是中国哲学家对于人类的最大贡献之一。

论庄子的知与乐——以“濠梁之辩”为中心

庄子明显地区分了“知”的层次,他所追求的是真知或大知,以把握宇宙整体状态的道为指向。属于最高层次的“知”与“乐”之间存在必然关系,至人以“明白于天地之德”达到至乐之境,藉此合于道而“游”。万物复归于其根,其自然的状态之中显现内在之德。万物自然而通于德,万物的乐在于此;至人自然而通于道,至人的乐在于此。《庄子》濠梁之辩中以“知鱼之乐”表示“明白于天地之德”的、至乐至美的至人境界。

甘麦大枣汤合百合知母汤加减联合心理疗法治疗抑郁症的临床效果观察

目的探讨甘麦大枣汤合百合知母汤加减联合心理疗法治疗抑郁症的临床效果观察。方法将2019年1月—2020年5月在医院精神科治疗的105例抑郁症患者随机分为两组,对照组(50例)使用常规西医治疗,在此基础上,观察组使用甘麦大枣汤合百合知母汤加减联合心理疗法治疗,对比两组的疗效、抑郁评分变化、生活质量变化、不良反应。结果观察组治疗有效率为92.73%(51/55),明显高于对照组的74.00%(37/50)(P<0.05);两组治疗前焦虑/躯体化、日夜变化、认识障碍、体质量、睡眠障碍、阻滞、绝望感等HAMD评分以及HAMD总分相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组治疗后焦虑/躯体化、日夜变化、认识障碍、体质量、睡眠障碍、阻滞、绝望感等HAMD评分以及HAMD总分明显低于对照组(P<0.05);两组治疗前心理状态、生理健康、周围环境、社会关系等QOL-BREF评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组治疗后心理状态、生理健康、周围环境、社会关系等QOL-BREF评分明显高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组头晕、失眠、便秘、汗出等不良反应发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论甘麦大枣汤合百合知母汤加减联合心理疗法治疗抑郁症的临床效果显著,有效缓解了抑郁症状,提高生活质量,且安全性高,具有积极的临床意义。

《达生》精义

本文是"外杂篇精义"系列的第三篇。《达生》演绎《养生主》义理,阐释庄学俗谛"达道全生"的养生之道,准确全面,更为丰富;同时像乃师庄子一样,对孔子"然于然,不然于不然"。由于郭象删去第三章至关重要的斥孔24字,导致旧庄学未能领悟《达生》精义和通篇结构。

On the Construction of a Cognition-oriented College-English Teaching Model

This paper analyzes the negative influence of traditional English instruction as well as obsession with bilingual teaching, and sets forth a three-step development strategy in line with the cognitive characteristics of learners.

Outage performance analysis of multiple users in cognitive networks

A cooperative model of multiple primary and secondary users coexisting cognitive network is presented. In this model, the control center is aware of all the users＇ locations in order to allocate the nearest secondary user to the primary user. The control center is aware of the information of the unused spectral resources in terms of the feedback of the sensing results from the secondary users. It allocates idle frequency bands among the secondary users. The primary user accesses the base station （BS） in orthogonal subchannels, and it cooperatively transmits packets with the secondary user and exploits the free band assigned by the control center to amplify-and-forward what it receives immediately. Under this scenario, the outage probability of the cooperative transmission pair of the primary and secondary transmitters is derived. The numerical simulation of the outage probabilities as a function of primary transmission probability ps, power allocation ratio ξ between the primary and secondary users, and the numbers of the primary and secondary users are given respectively. The results show that the optimal system performance is achieved under the conditions of ξ=0.5 and the numbers of the primary and the secondary users being equal.

《逍遥游》分析

庄子思想深奥而复杂,本来就不容易懂;再加上他的文风特殊,就更不好懂了。他的特殊文风的形成是基于如下情况的:他认为世上的事物本无法用语言说得绝对清楚,即所谓“言不尽意”,因此他不象孟子那样经常直接阐述自己的观点。但他又希望别人能领悟自已所悟出的道理,因此又不得不“姑妄言之”。既觉“言不尽意”,又要“姑妄言之”,于是他就想出这么一个自以为两全之策来:以运用寓言多方设喻作为主要的达意手段。这些寓言是供人领悟道理的跳板,不是他说的道理本身。他那著名的“得鱼忘筌”

浅谈庄子“撄宁”带给我们的教学启示

随着当今社会压力增大,学生心态问题频发,如何借助经典文学的力量教育学生?在解读《逍遥游》的过程中,我发现教师们讲解各有千秋,尤其对文章中心句“若夫乘天地之正,而御六气之辩,以游无穷者,彼且恶乎待哉!故曰:至人无己,神人无功,圣人无名”的理解又是仁者见仁,智者见者。通过翻阅种种资料,本文简要分析了《逍遥游》的核心思想——撄宁,期望通过解读庄子的“无己”观,探索庄子的“无功”、“无名”思想,进而帮助学生树立宏大的宇宙观及远大理想。这不仅让学生能对我国传统文化——“庄子思想”产生浓厚兴趣。还能在生命个体遭遇挫折时,让他们的思想变得豁达,促进学生心理健康。此外,它对传承中国古典文化有着重大意义。

Research and Application of Role Theory in Ocean Carbon Cycle Ontology Construction

Many researchers have studied the ocean carbon cycle model trying to regulate the level of CO2 in atmosphere from viewpoint of quantification. Unlike other researches, this paper analyzes the conversion process of carbon element in the ocean from the qualitative viewpoint. There are many complex roles in the ocean carbon cycle, and it is hard to represent the case that an entity plays different role in different environment. An ontology technology Hozo role theory developed by Osaka University Mizoguchi Laboratory is proposed as a solution. The basic concepts and representation mode of Hozo role theory is introduced. The conversion process of ocean carbon cycle is abstracted and an ontology model using Hozo role theory is proposed. Instead of comprehensive common ontology construction method, we propose our own ontology development steps. Then an ontology about ocean carbon cycle is built in order to describe and share the basic knowledge of ocean carbon cycle. A knowledge base of material circulation is proposed based on the ontology. Its construction framework is described and some knowledge base query examples are also illustrated. Conclusions show that the role theory can effectively solve the problem of multirole description in ocean carbon cycle, and knowledge reasoning based on ontology is also effective.

Does knowledge of physical activity recommendations increase physical activity among Chinese college students？ Empirical investigations based on the transtheoretical model

Background: Based on the transtheoretical model, the current study investigated whether awareness of physical activity(PA) recommendations had an impact on the stages of PA behavior change and levels of PA among Chinese college students.Methods: In Study 1, with a cross-sectional study design, 9826 students were recruited, and their knowledge of international PA recommendations,PA stage distribution, and self-reported PA level were surveyed. Pearson's χ2 test was used to test whether those participants who were aware and not aware of PA guidelines were equally distributed across the stages of PA behavior, and independent t test was conducted to test the group difference in the actual levels of PA. In Study 2, 279 students who were not aware of the PA recommendations were randomly allocated to either an intervention group or a control group, and only those in the intervention group were presented with international PA guidelines. In both groups,students' PA stages and PA level were examined before the test and then 4 months post-test. Mc Nemar's test for correlated proportions and repeated-measures analysis of variance were conducted to examine the changes in PA stage membership and PA level after the intervention.Results: Study 1 results revealed that only 4.4% of the surveyed students had correct knowledge of PA recommendations. Those who were aware of the recommendations were in later stages of PA behavior(χ~2(4) = 167.19, p < 0.001). They were also significantly more physically active than those who were not aware of the recommendations(t(443.71) = 9.00, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.53). Study 2 results demonstrated that the intervention group participants who were at the precontemplation and contemplation stages at the pre-test each progressed further in the PA stages in the post-test(χ~2(1) = 112.06, p < 0.001; χ~2(1) = 118.76, p = 0.03, respectively), although no significant change in PA level was observed(t(139) < 1, p = 0.89).Conclusion: The results showed that awareness of the PA recommendations was associated with higher stages and levels of PA behavior, and a brief educational exposure to PA recommendations led to improved stages of PA behavior but no change in the levels of PA among Chinese college students. More effective public health campaign strategies are needed to promote the dissemination of the PA recommendations and to raise the awareness of the Chinese student population.

Teaching and Learning on the Internet： A New Model of University, the International Telematic University UNINETTUNO

The convergence of telecommunications and computer science, the realization of computer-based networks and the integration of languages, by overcoming space and time constraints, gave rise to the globalization process and to the development of the knowledge society. We are facing a true revolution that is based on the multiplication of knowledge and its corresponding applications, but also on the knowledge codification, memorization and knowledge transfer. The challenges that educational institutions, and the University in particular, are called to face are linked to the fact that classrooms or lecture halls are no longer the only places where one can follow study courses： anybody from anywhere, if he has the required technological equipment and the appropriate materials can build his own environment to carry on his own educational and self-learning process. This is the reason why we need to identify new models of university and psycho-pedagogic theories allowing for the development of new Internet-based teaching and learning models by carrying on research work. This paper describes the university model proposed by International Telematic University UN1NETTUNO, rapidly become acknowledged at an international level.

College English Teachers＇ Perceived Difficulties in Teaching Content-Based Courses and Opportunities for Their Knowledge Growth

This paper explores three College English teachers＇ perceived difficulties in teaching content-based courses in the Chinese context and opportunities for their change in the knowledge base. Interviews and classroom observation were used to collect data. After coding and recoding of the audio data, the researcher found that College English teachers face the following difficulties： positioning of themselves, commitment to the course, students＇ expectation, the balance between language and content, and administrative support. Meanwhile, the experience of teaching content-based courses offered them an opportunity to increase their knowledge of the content, the learners, and educational values. Some implications for CBI （content-based instruction） in curriculum reform were put forward at the end of the paper.

To Train or to Entertain the Brain： How Does Enhanced Focus of Attention Guide Perception into the Goal Directed Action

Different areas of cognitive science traditionally perceived the mind as an abstract information processing entity, whose interactions with the outside world should be of small or no relevance at all. However, a recent embodied cognition perspective, view cognitive processes as deeply embedded into the body＇s interactions with the world. In support of such contention, lots of empirical evidence has been brought and thusly different claims proposed. In this paper, we present the computer based neurocognitive task of sustained attention which is a dual task with many characteristics that obviously mirror some of the above claims. In this regard, we take into consideration both on-line and off-line aspects of the embodied cognition and point out how processing efficiency and attentional functioning are crucial vehicles in bringing perception into effective action （embodied cognition）. Furthermore, there is plenty of evidence about the bidirectional relationship between the attentional/cognitive functioning and emotion regulation as well. This rises new possibilities in looking at the cognitive bias modification approaches and brain-cognitive training procedures for human beings without perceiving them as disembodied minds or complex machines but instead proactive and physically involved in the real world. We argue that such cognitive training approaches even though at first glance seemed as mere technical and machine oriented procedures, should be regarded as humanistic in its nature which perfectly mirror the Merleau-Ponty＇s concept of ＂embodied subjectivity.＂ Finally, we explain how such approaches can be successfully combined with the neurobiological accounts and effectively implemented into clinical practice （self-regulation, self-directed neuroplasticity, effortful control, behavior change）.

The Crisis of Historicism and the Correlation Between Nationalism and Neo-Kantian Philosophy of History in the Interwar Period

Recent historiographic studies of cultural exchanges between Germany and Greece in the 19th and 20th centuries have tended to neglect the mutual influence of the two countries＇ intellectuals; as a result, there is insufficient appreciation of the extent to which historiography and philosophy were appropriated by the politics of the Interwar period. This article focuses on attempts by neo-Kantian philosophers to overcome the crisis of historicism, and on the impact of this crisis on Greek intellectuals＇ perceptions of historicism. The study shows that at the time historicism invoked the past to solve the problems of the present. My purpose is to show that in a time of crisis, Germany＇s pursuit of its Greekness in conformity with the Bildung tradition, and Greece＇s cultural dependence on Germany in the meaning-making of its own Greekness, shared common ground in the ideological uses of philosophy and history in the service of politics and the politics of culture. In the aftermath of WWI, German scholars raised the issue of the crisis of historicism. Neo-Kantian philosophers such as Heinrich Rickert, whose theory had a major impact on Greek intellectuals, became involved in this debate, posing the question of historical objectivity. Yet Rickert＇s philosophy of history soon fell into an impasse, leading to the rise of an idealist philosophy of history in the 1930s that committed itself anew to the dominant politics. In the 1930s, under the guise of idealism, Greek neo-Kantian intellectuals were claiming an objective historical narrative of the traumatic experience from 1922 onwards, which fit into the structure of an idealized ahistorical and mythic past, and which, as a hegemonic discourse, excluded its political enemies and propagandized the political struggle towards the fulfillment of the nation＇s historical and spiritual mission.

Vocational Training and Basic Knowledge of the Mexican University Coach

This paper shows an overview of the academic and vocational training of the Mexican university coaches. Professional sports in Mexico are not sufficiently organized in all disciplines and the Olympic sporting system does not consider the university sports as a hotbed of world-class athletes. Coaches＇ academic and vocational training is one of the variables to analyze university-sporting level. A quantitative model was used to approach the topic through an adapted and validated version of a questionnaire used in Spanish populations. The sample consisted of 326 participant＇s coaches at the 2013 National Student Games. Among the findings, observed there are some aspects revealed related to the training, the domain of knowledge and the existing relationship between an empirical coach and a trained one. In conclusion, therefore, it is important to emphasize that the non-skilled trainer finds it difficult to achieve the optimum sport development, the fulfillment of the assigned tasks, the selection, the dosage, the linking of different means, and the assessment of achievement. According to the national sport level, the university trainer＇s profile neither allows the consolidation of practice nor these ages and sport levels.

Articulating China's Science and Technology:Knowledge Collaboration Networks Within and Beyond the Yangtze River Delta Megalopolis in China

In this paper, we reconsider the defining but often overlooked ‘hinge' function of megalopolises by analyzing how megalopolises have articulated national and international urban systems in the context of a globalizing knowledge economy. Taking the case of China's Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region, we particularly focus on knowledge circulation within and beyond the YRD region by analyzing the pattern and process of knowledge collaboration at different geographical scales during the 2004–2014 period. Results show that the structure of scientific knowledge collaboration as reflected by co-publications has been strongest at the national scale whereas that of technological knowledge collaboration as measured by co-patents has been strongest at the global scale. Despite this difference, the structure of both scientific and technological knowledge collaboration has been functionally polycentric at the megalopolitan scale but become less so at the national and global scales. The ‘globally connected but locally disconnected' pattern of Shanghai's external knowledge collaboration suggests that the gateway role of the YRD megalopolis in promoting knowledge collaboration at different geographical scales will take time before it is fully realized.

University-Business Cooperation in Education： Real and Perceived Performances

The purpose of this paper is to describe and demonstrate the validity of a methodology to distinguish, in the performances of high education institutions （HEIs）, real from perceived performances. The extension of accountability to the evaluation of educational programs involves significant topics concerning the gap between perceived and real performances. It means that, since many actors such as teachers, students, and external stakeholders are involved in the process, the research on methodologies to distinguish subjective from objective parameters is still on the floor. Debate about performance evaluation in this collaboration is still in progress particularly as it concerns the proposal of several parameters and indexes to quantify the topic and reduce the subjectivism in the assessment and the gap between real and perceived performances. After describing and discussing an evaluation model based on three interdependent typologies of indexes, this will be tested in two Tempus projects having the purpose of activating Ph.D. and masters courses. The results encourage deepening researches in this direction and disseminating this methodology and extending and enriching the validation process.

Cognitive amplify-and-forward dual-hop relay networks over α-μ fading channels

This paper provides an analytic performance evaluation of dual-hop cognitive amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying networks over independent nonidentically distributed (i.n.i.d.) fading channels. Two different transmit power constraint strategies at the secondary network are proposed to investigate the performance of the secondary network. In the case of combined power constraint,the maximum tolerable interference power on the primary network and the maximum transmit power at the secondary network are considered. Closed-form lower bound and its asymptotic expression for the outage probability (OP) are achieved. Utilizing the above results,average symbol error probability (ABEP) at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are also derived. In order to further study the performance of dual-hop cognitive AF relaying networks,the Closed-form lower bounds and asymptotic expressions for OP with single power constraint of the tolerable interference on the primary network is also obtained. Both analytical and simulation are employed to validate the accuracy of the theoretical analysis. The results show that the secondary network obtains a better performance when higher power constraint is employed.