湘西苗语中的大称和小称标记

湘西凤凰勾良苗语中有两组表示"大""小"的语素,即min_大^(22)/tε^(214)小和ljo53大/u_小^(214)。虽然这两组语素分别都表示"大/小"这两个语义概念,但它们的语法性质迥异。从形态句法角度来看,min_大^(22)/tε^(214)2小是大称和小称词缀,属于形态单位;ljo53大/u14小是表示大小的维度形容词,在句法上和名词构成修饰和被修饰的关系。从语义上看,min_大^(22)/tε^(214)小表示主观量的大小,即说话者主观评价的大小意义,而ljo53大/u_小^(214)表示的是客观量的大小,即物体客观尺寸的大小。虽然主观量的大小往往会映射出客观量的大小,但在一定的语用背景下,会产生主观量的大小和客观量的大小并不一致的情况。在主观量和客观量不一致的语境中,我们能最直观地观察到min_大^(22)/tε^(214)小和ljo53大/u_小^(214)的本质差异。

管式炉红外吸收光谱法测定铬铁矿中碳

铬铁矿中碳主要由夹杂的有机碳和碳酸盐碳构成,其传统测定方法采用非水滴定法,而采用管式炉红外吸收光谱法,对铬铁矿中碳的分析测试可实现大称样量进样,能提高分析精度,降低检出限,提高工作效率。试样中碳在管式炉中高温下通氧燃烧和灼烧,以三氧化钨为助熔剂,使碳全部氧化和分解为二氧化碳,载有二氧化碳的气流经过红外气室时,产生的红外线被二氧化碳气体特性波长所吸收(二氧化碳红外吸收波长4.251μm),根据红外线吸收前后的能量之差与二氧化碳浓度间关系,计算出试样中碳的结果。采用高纯碳酸钙作为碳的校准曲线,从而实现铬铁矿中碳含量的准确测定。方法用于测定铬铁矿中碳,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)为2.6%~8.7%,经6个国家标准物质进行验证,测定值和标准值一致。方法有效解决了铬铁矿中碳测定流程长、操作复杂的问题,可用于铬铁矿中碳含量的测定。

赣语宜春话小称来源的复数标记“唧”--兼谈小称、量词与复数标记的关系

本文介绍了一种类型学上罕见的语言现象:小称发展为复数标记。赣语宜春话中,小称标记“唧”的小称义被语境取消后,名词强制表达复数意义。通过跨语言比较,我们发现一些语言中大称标记也可以表复数,小称标记可以用作量词或者表达“量”特征。本文提出,小称表复数的根源在于小称标记具有“个体化”功能,与量词和复数标记功能相同。不同语言中的小称是充当量词还是复数标记,只是个体化这一抽象功能实现方式的差异。

NEW LIMITED MEMORY SYMMETRIC RANK ONE ALGORITHM FOR LARGE-SCALE UNCONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION

A new limited memory symmetric rank one algorithm is proposed. It combines a modified self-scaled symmetric rank one （SSR1） update with the limited memory and nonmonotone line search technique. In this algorithm, the descent search direction is generated by inverse limited memory SSR1 update, thus simplifying the computation. Numerical comparison of the algorithm and the famous limited memory BFGS algorithm is given. Comparison results indicate that the new algorithm can process a kind of large-scale unconstrained optimization problems.

DIFFERENTIAL QUADRATURE FOR AXISYMMETRIC GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR PLATES

New developments have been made on the applications of the differential quadrature(DQ)method to analysis of structural problems recently.The method is used to obtain solutions of large deflections, membrane and bending stresses of circular plates with movable and immovable edges under uniform pressures or a central point load.The shortcomings existing in the earlier analysis by the DQ method have been overcome by a new approach in applying the boundary conditions. The accuracy and the efficiency of the newly developed method for solving nonlinear problems are demonstrated.

Dynamic plastic response of clamped stiffened plates with large deflection

Study on the dynamic response, and especially the nonlinear dynamic response of stiffened plates is complicated by their discontinuity and inhomogeneity. The finite element method (FEM) and the finite strip method are usually adopted in their analysis. Although many useful conclusions have been obtained, the computational cost is enormous. Based on some assumptions, the dynamic plastic response of clamped stiffened plates with large deflections was theoretically investigated herein by a singly symmetric beam model. Firstly, the deflection conditions that a plastic string must satisfy were obtained by the linearized moment-axial force interaction curve for singly symmetric cross sections and the associated plastic flow rule. Secondly, the possible motion mechanisms of the beam under different load intensity were analysed in detail. For structures with plastic deformations, a simplified method was then given that the arbitrary impact load can be replaced equivalently by a rectangular pulse. Finally, to confirm the validity of the proposed method, the dynamic plastic response of a one-way stiffened plate with four fully clamped edges was calculated. The theoretical results were in good agreement with those of FEM. It indicates that the present calculation model is easy and feasible, and the equivalent substitution of load almost has no influence on the final deflection.

Constructing Non-binary Asymmetric Quantum Codes via Graphs

The theory of quantum error correcting codes is a primary tool for fighting decoherence and other quantum noise in quantum communication and quantum computation. Recently, the theory of quantum error correcting codes has developed rapidly and been extended to protect quantum information over asymmetric quantum channels, in which phase-shift and qubit-flip errors occur with different probabilities. In this paper, we generalize the construction of symmetric quantum codes via graphs (or matrices) to the asymmetric case, converting the construction of asymmetric quantum codes to finding matrices with some special properties. We also propose some asymmetric quantum Maximal Distance Separable (MDS) codes as examples constructed in this way.

Ricci Collineations of Static Space Times with Maximal Symmetric Transverse Spaces

A complete classification of static space times with maximal symmetric transverse spaces is provided, according to their Ricci collineations. The classification is made when one component of Ricci collineation vector field V is non-zero （cases 1 - 4）, two components of V are non-zero （cases 5 - 10）, and three components of V are non-zero （cases 11 - 14）, respectlvily. Both non-degenerate （detRab ≠ 0） as well as the degenerate （det Rab = 0） cases are discussed and some new metrics are found.

Immanent Transcendence in Chinese and Western Process Thinking＊

The main classical schools of Chinese philosophy can be characterized as process thinking and their concepts are related to those of Whitehead＇s philosophy of organism. （Neo-）Confucianism, Daoism, and Chinese Buddhism all find their roots in the Yi ding with a strong emphasis on human experience of the flux of time. These Eastern and Western world views allow attempts to consciously experience experiential reality in terms of immanent transcendence. These attempts are discussed also by considering the functioning of the human brain, emphasizing the importance of brain asymmetry.

Seafloor Asymmetry in the Atlantic Ocean

Measurements of seafloor asymmetry at about 360 000 pairs of conjugate points along 1250 profiles across the mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) provide new constraints on models for the upwelling of the buoyant asthenosphere. The sign and amplitude of the asymmetry vary systematically and are functions of the distance between the spreading center and the location of the inferred location of maximum regional buoyancy (LMRB) in the asthenosphere. The LMRB is a smooth line derived from the observed asymmetry and is more centered at the regional topographic high than the spreading center. These observations are best explained by active upwelling of the underlying buoyant asthenosphere rather than by pressure-release melting.

Axisymmetrical Nonlinear Bending and Buckling of a Circular Plate Under Large Load

With the terms of the exact series solution taken as trial functions, the method of point collocation was used to calculate the large deflection of a circular plate. The axisymmetrical bending formulae were developed for the calculation of a circular plate subjected to polynomial distributed loads, a concentrated load at the center, uniform radial forces and moments along the edge or their combinations. The support may be elastic. The buckling load was calculated. Under action of uniformly distributed load, central load or their compound load, solutions were compared with those obtained by other methods. Buckling beyond critical thrust was compared with that calculated by the power series method. The method presented in this paper has advantages of wide convergent range, high precision and short computing time. Moreover, the computing time is nearly independent of the complexity of the loads.

A Journey into Fermat＇s Equation

As expounded in some recent mathematical conferences, this research on that amazing source of algebraic ideas known as Fermat＇s equation is aimed to prove how Fermat triples can be limited until the impossible existence through a criterion of incompatible parities related to unexplored properties of the binomial coefficients. In this paper, the authors use a technique based on the analysis of four numbers and their internal relations with three basic compulsory factors. It leads to the practical impossibility to find any triple of natural numbers candidate to satisfy Fermat＇s equation, because when the authors try to meet a condition between parity and range the authors are compelled to violate the other one, so that they are irreducibly alternative. In particular, there is a parity violation when the authors choose all the basic factors in the allowed range and the authors obtain exceeding values of one of the involved variables when the authors try to restore the parity. Since Fermat＇s last theorem would consequently be demonstrated, many readers could recall the never found elementary proof of FLT （Fermat＇s last theorem） claimed by Pierre de Fermat. The authors are not encouraging such an interpretation because this paper is intended as a journey into Fermat＇s equation and the reader＇s attitude should be towards the algebraic achievements here proposed, with their possible hidden flaws and future developments, rather than to legendary problems like Fermat＇s riddle.

Olkaria Geothermal Power Plants, Kenya： Preliminary Evaluation of Mercury Emission to the Atmosphere

At Olkaria （Kenya） geothermal energy has been used since 1981, to generate electricity and now there are currently 3 plants with a nominal capacity of 205 MW. Preliminary measurement and evaluation of possible mercury （Hg） emission from two plants has been investigated. Potential atmospheric Hg emission has been determined based on an existing model for estimating the transport of mercury along geothermal fluid flow streams as pertains to energy recovery and conversion from liquid dominated geothermal reservoirs. Hg concentrations, addition, retention and release rates were calculated at a number of locations in the geothermal power plants based on the plant operating parameters and steam flow process （turbine, condenser, non-condensable gas ejector, and cooling tower）. Potential Hg emission rates through plume range from 0.455 g/h to 2.17 g/h, or 10-30 mg/h per MWe. The emission per hour per MWe is 130-300 times lower compared to Hg levels reported for 88 MWe five operating geothermal power plants around Mt. Amiata area in Italy. These emissions are coupled with a release of 1.07 kg/h per MW of hydrogen sulphide （HzS）. The potential Hg release rates to the environment will depend greatly on the concentration of HzS in the system. Any higher HzS contents may reduce solubility of rig in the brine hence making it to be available in the steam. The volatile Hg may travel with the non-condensable gases as Hg vapour.

Coupled Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation: Symmetries and Exact Solutions

The symmetries, symmetry reductions, and exact solutions of a coupled nonlinear Schrodinger （CNLS） equation derived from the governing system for atmospheric gravity waves are researched by means of classical Lie group approach in this paper. Calculation shows the CNLS equation is invariant under some Galilean transformations, scaling transformations, phase shifts, and space-time translations. Some ordinary differential equations are derived from the CNLS equation. Several exact solutions including envelope cnoidal waves, solitary waves and trigonometric function solutions for the CNLS equation are also obtained by making use of symmetries.

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THE BLOWUP OF RADIALLY SYMMETRIC SOLUTIONS FOR 2-D QUASILINEAR WAVEEQUATIONS WITH CUBIC NONLINEARITY

For a special class of quasilinear wave equations with small initial data which satisfy the nondegenerate assumption, the authors prove that the radially symmetric solution develops singularities in the second order derivatives in finite time while the first order derivatives and the solution itself remain continuous and small. More precisely, it turns out that this solution is a "geometric blowup solution of cusp type", according to the terminology posed by S. Alinhac[2].

A New Estimation for Informed Trading Based on SSNF Method

This paper estimates the information-based trading using spatially selective noise filtration （SSNF） method. The SSNF method is a kind of filtration technique based on the different spatial correlation of the wavelet transform at several adjacent scales. Using SSNF method, the information shock caused by the informed traders could be extracted from the prices effectively, then the PINs at different scales could be calculated. The measure of informed trading can capture some asymmetric information properties, which is consistent with some empirical consensuses. Furthermore, compared with the MLE method in EKOP model, the method has computational facilities in avoiding the overflow or underflow problem, the boundary solutions problem and the initial values problem. And the method could be applied to the high-frequency world in both order-driven and quote-driven market.

Interaction between the atmospheric boundary layer and a standalone wind turbine in Gansu—Part I： Field measurement

Experiments and numerical simulations of the wake field behind a horizontal-axis wind turbine are carried out to investigate the interaction between the atmospheric boundary layer and a stand-alone wind turbine. The tested wind turbine（33 k W） has a rotor diameter of 14.8 m and hub height of 15.4 m. An anti-icing digital Sonic wind meter, an atmospheric pressure sensor, and a temperature and humidity sensor are installed in the upstream wind measurement mast. Wake velocity is measured by three US CSAT3 ultrasonic anemometers. To reflect the characteristics of the whole flow field, numerical simulations are performed through large eddy simulation（LES） and with the actuator line model. The experimental results show that the axial velocity deficit rate ranges from 32.18% to 63.22% at the three measuring points. Meanwhile, the time-frequency characteristics of the axial velocities at the left and right measuring points are different. Moreover, the average axial and lateral velocity deficit of the right measuring point is greater than that of the left measuring point. The turbulent kinetic energy（TKE） at the middle and right measuring points exhibit a periodic variation, and the vortex sheet-pass frequency is mostly similar to the rotational frequency of the rotor. However, this feature is not obvious for the left measuring point. Meanwhile, the power spectra of the vertical velocity fluctuation show the slope of-1, and those of lateral and axial velocity fluctuations show slopes of-1 and-5/3, respectively.However, the inertial subranges of axial velocity fluctuation at the left, middle, and right measuring points occur at 4, 7, and7 Hz, respectively. The above conclusion fully illustrates the asymmetry of the left and right measuring points. The experimental data and numerical simulation results collectively indicate that the wake is deflected to the right under the influence of lateral force. Therefore, wake asymmetry can be mainly attributed to the lateral force exerted by the wind turbine on the fluid.

Endoscopy-assisted cerebral falx incision via unilateral approach for treatment of dissymmetric bilateral frontal contusion

Objective： To investigate the clinical features and treatment strategy of dissymmetric bilateral frontal contusion, and to summarize our experience in treating these patients by minimally invasive surgery. Methods： Over the past 3 years, we have treated a total of 31 patients with dissymmetric bilateral frontal contusion using endoscopy-assisted unilateral cerebral falx incision. ~ ~ther 30 patients treated by routine bilateral approaches within the same period were taken as control. Results： Seventeen cases （54.8%） in the unilateral operation group survived and were in good condition, 8 （25.8%） had moderate disability, 4 （12.9%） had severe disability, 1 （3.2%） was in vegetative state, and 1 （3.2%） died. Compared with the control group, the Glasgow Out- come Scale score was not significantly different in the uni-lateral operation group, but the operation time, blood trans- fusion volume, the length of hospital stay, the incidences of mental disorder and olfactory nerve injury were greatly reduced in the unilateral operation group. Conclusions： Endoscopy-assisted unilateral cerebral falx incision can shorten the operation time, reduce surgical trauma and complications in treatment of patients with dissymmetric bilateral frontal contusion. It can obviously diminish the chance of delayed intracerebral hematoma and subsequently minimize the incidences of subfalcial and centrencephalic herniation.

A Geometric Problem and the Hopf Lemma. II

A classical result of A. D. Alexandrov states that a connected compact smooth n-dimensional manifold without boundary, embedded in R^n＋1, and such that its mean curvature is constant, is a sphere. Here we study the problem of symmetry of M in a hyperplane Xn＋1 =constant in case M satisfies： for any two points （X^1, ^↑Xn＋1）, （X^1, Xn＋1） on M, with Xn＋1 〉^↑Xn＋1, the mean curvature at the first is not greater than that at the second. Symmetry need not always hold, but in this paper, we establish it under some additional conditions. Some variations of the Hopf Lemma are also presented. Several open problems are described. Part I dealt with corresponding one dimensional problems.