阿拉伯数字与汉字大写数字认知的大脑功能一侧化实验研究

用半视野速示术检查阿拉伯数字和汉字大写数字在三种任务加工条件（认读、简单相加、奇偶概念异同判断）下进行认知的大脑两半球机能活动一侧化效应。结果表明：以被试正确反应的百分数为指标，两类数字的三种任务加工均没有表现出明显的视野（大脑半球）优势。以被试正确反应的反应时为指标，两类数字的认读和简单相加也未出现视野（大脑半球）的明显差别，而两类数字的奇偶概念异同判断却出现了差异显著的右视野（左半球）优势。

人类进化与精神疾病——精神疾病是人类大脑进化过程中所伴随的副现象?

在人类进化历程中,由于个体间交往的增加,促进了社会脑的发育,语言产生后促进了这一脑结构的侧化性发展,这一方面使人脑功能发生了质的飞跃,同时也使得人脑对精神疾病的易感性增加。对患精神疾病个体脑结构和功能及创造力与精神疾病关系的研究均支持这一推论。目前认为脑侧化基因可能定位于性染色体上,精神疾病可能是其遗传特性改变的结果。

大脑功能一侧化研究的新进展

:8 0年代初 ,大脑两半球功能活动一侧化现象的基本发现引起了人们对心理活动机制的许多推测。近期的研究对这一问题有了一些新的认识 :分离后的左右脑可能不存在“双重意识”;左右脑半球有可能都介入了视觉空间信息的加工 ;正常人左右脑半球的机能优势活动存在复杂的时间

东西方文化差异与大脑功能侧化

作者从大脑功能侧化概念的发展过程中辨析了东西方文化差异以及这种差异对脑功能侧化之影响，以环境－文化－脑功能的全息概念，揭示了人类在社会发展过程中与地理文化环境相互作用及其机制。

儿童期精神分裂症大脑功能一侧化活动特点的初步研究

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of brain laterality in patients with childhood onset schizophrenia. Methods: The study employed a dichotic Chinese word listening test(DL) as a chief measure and WISC-R as an assistant measure to examine 16 patients and 20 normal children as controls. Results: DL indicated that the patients differed from the controls in ear advantages and their performances were significantly poorer than the controls in left ear. The performances of the patients on WISC-R showed that their PIQ was significantly lower than VIQ. Conclusion:The patients with childhood onset schizophrenia differed from the controls in brain laterality. They might be involved with right hemisphere impairment.

大脑功能侧化的心理学研究及分子和细胞神经生物学依据

对大脑功能侧化的描述和研究始于 19世纪 6 0年代对脑损伤病人的行为观察。在之后的一百年间 ,随着临床资料的逐渐积累 ,脑功能侧化的概念和理论框架也逐渐完善起来。 2 0世纪后期 ,认知心理学的方法 ,尤其是速示法 ,为正常大脑功能侧化的研究做出了很大的贡献 ,而具有语言和图形双重特征的汉字则成为非常有用的刺激材料。认知心理学对脑功能侧化的研究在细致描述普遍行为现象的同时 ,也揭示了非常显著的个体差异 ,而许多研究结果的不一致使得科学家们更感到解释这一现象生物机制的必要性。近年来的分子和细胞神经生物学研究发现某些基因和神经递质受体的表达在动物神经系统中存在左右不对称性 ,从而为脑功能的侧化提供了分子和细胞层次的初步依据。

论大脑视觉化下的声乐教学艺术

声乐教学的方法很多,在声乐教学中,教师可以根据不同的教学对象选择适合的教学方法,以达到最好的完成教学任务的目的。大脑视觉化在我多年的声乐教学中帮助我解决了不少的声乐难题,使我的声乐教学变得更加具体化、形象化、简单化。

左右大脑半球中风对计算功能的影响

目的 :了解中风后左右大脑半球在计算中的作用。方法 :对 2 7例左右大脑半球中风患者进行语言和详细的计算检查 (包括数字认知、数字书写、心算和笔算 )。结果 :左右大脑半球中风者在数字认知、倒写、心算和笔算方面与正常对照组差异均有显著性意义 ,左半球中风患者数字认知和心算成绩比右脑中风者差 ,但两位数以上的笔算右半球中风者成绩比左脑损害者差。结论 :大脑两半球在计算功能上各司其职 ,左大脑半球主要负责数字的认知、算术运算和数学符号的运用 ,而右半球则负责数字的空间排列和运算的手工操作。

动力定型的个性化与临界理论的社会化——第二语言习得两个重要的宏观神经机制制约假说刍议

通过对有关大脑功能侧化及语言习得时效关系诸多假说的历史回顾与批评 ,有机地结合语言学与脑科学研究的新发现 ,本文旨在以语言比较研究为发入点 ,宏观地阐述 :1 不同语言体系言语能力掌握过程中神经与生理机制的独特性。 2 语言习得 ,特别是第二语言习得的最佳年龄争议及其社会制约因素的存在 ,对脑动力定型个性化与习得临界理论社会化的综合分析同时也是调和传统语言教学方法与脑科学等前沿学科间研究对象矛盾的尝试之一例。

高低神经质个体不同视野情绪词的选择性加工

通过对神经质,情绪词与视野三因素的控制,考察高低神经质个体(36名大学生)对于不同视野呈现的情绪词加工的选择性偏向和情绪词加工的大脑一侧化问题。结果显示:(1)高神经质个体比低神经质个体对情绪词语的反应更快。(2)高低神经质个体对不同情绪词语的加工没有选择性偏向。(3)高低神经质个体对情绪词语的加工均表现出情绪加工的大脑一侧化效应,大脑左半球具有加工负性词的优势,而右半球具有加工正性词的优势。

对左右利手者的视简单反应时及空间方向识别能力的实验研究

本研究应用单侧视野速示技术对左右利手被试不同视野的简单反应时及空间方向识别能力进行测试与分析。实验结果表明,左利组在两项实验中的左、中、右视野上的反应时均快于右利组,且左利组在左视野上的优势最为显著。经分析发现:左利者优势手在操作速度上的优势主要是因其大脑右半球具有较高的分析处理形象信息的能力所致;左利者右脑的这种功能优势与其大脑神经传导过程的特点有很大关系。本实验为研究和培养左利手运动员提供了一些神经心理学方面的依据和参考。

情绪对数字比较和空间关系判断的实验研究

为了探索情绪对于大脑单侧化认知功能的效果,通过实验研究设计,利用数字比较范式和空间关系判断范式考察不同情绪对两个任务完成的影响。同时招募78名大学生在E-prime软件上进行实验,结果显示:正性情绪未对数字比较任务产生促进作用,然而负性情绪对数字比较任务造成了干扰;小数阿拉伯数字比中文数字反应更快更准确,大数阿拉伯数字比中文数字更慢更不准确。研究结论是正负性情绪下对空间关系判断快于中性情绪,都促进认知灵活性,对空间关系判断具有促进作用。正性情绪反应快于负性情绪,但准确度低于负性情绪。

心理语言学学习中的几个重点问题

本文从心理语言学角度 ,通过介绍语言的生理基础、大脑侧化和语言中枢来讨论语言的感知、理解与表达 ,认识语言与思维关系的本质。

国外外语学习的年龄差异研究与我国外语教学

作者基于国外学者的研究,探讨了语言习得的临界期假说、敏感期假说及大脑优势侧化等理论观点,对国内外就外语学习的最佳年龄问题所开展的实验和研究作了介绍,比较了儿童、少年、成人各年龄段的外语学习者各自的优势和不足,提出了针对我国外语教学实际的外语教育策略。

Mechanisms of Inhibitory Effects of Breviscapine on Lipid Peroxidation in Rat Brain Mitochondria

The mechanisms by which breviscapine (Bre) inhibits the lipid preoxidation in rat brain mitochondria were investigated. The mitochondrial lipid peroxidation of rat brain induced by oxygen free radical was measured by thiobarbituric acid spectrophotometry. The chelating activities of Bre for Fe 2+ were tested by differential spectrum. Superoxide anion (O 2)from xanthine xanthine oxidase (Xan XO) system and hydroxyl radical (·OH) from FeSO 4 H 2O 2 system were determined with spectrophotometry. It was found that Bre could effectively inhibit the lipid peroxidation of brain mitochondria induced by free radicals driven from Xan XO and FeSO 4 H 2O 2 system. The IC 50 of Bre were 93 01 μmol·L -1 for Xan XO system and 62 18 μmol·L -1 for FeSO 4 H 2O 2 system. Bre also scavenged O 2 and ·OH produced by Xan XO and FeSO 4 H 2O 2 systems. The IC 50 of Bre were 32 63 μmol·L -1 for O - 2 and 20 22 μmol·L -1 for ·OH. Furthermore, the chelating Fe 2+ activity of Bre was shown. It may be concluded that Bre inhibited lipid peroxidation at different stages of the reaction of oxygen free redial with the mitochondria membrane: (1) the formation of ·OH; (2) the initiation of the lipid peroxidation, by chelating Fe 2+ and scavenging O 2 as well as ·OH. The scavenging oxygen free radicals and chelating iron are the mechanisms of inhibitory effect of Bre on lipid peroxidation.

Patients with brain metastases from gastrointestinal tract cancer treated with whole brain radiation therapy:Prognostic factors and survival

AIM: To identify the prognostic factors with regard to survival for patients with brain metastasis from primary tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: Nine hundred and sixteen patients with brain metastases, treated with whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) between January 1985 and December 2000 at the Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients presented with a primary tumor of the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus: n=0, stomach: n=10, colorectal: n=47). Twenty-six patients had a solitary brain metastasis, 31 patients presented with multiple brain metastases. Surgical resection was performed in 25 patients. WBRT was applied with daily fractions of 2 Gray (Gy) or 3Gy to a total dose of 50Gy or 30Gy, respectively. The interval between diagnoses of the primary tumors and brain metastases was 22.6mo vs 8.0mo for patients with primary tumors of the colon/rectum vs other primary tumors, respectively (P<0.01, log-rank). Median overall survival for all patients with brain metastases (n=916) was 3.4mo and 3.2mo for patients with gastrointestinal neoplasms. Patients with gastrointestinal primary tumors presented significantly more often with a solitary brain metastasis than patients with other primary tumors (P<0.05, log-rank). In patients with gastrointestinal neoplasms (n=57), the median overall survival was 5.8 mo for patients with solitary brain metastasis vs 2.7mo for patients with multiple brain metastases (P<0.01, log-rank). The median overall survival for patients with a Karnofsky performance status (KPS) ≥70 was 5.5mo vs 2.1mo for patients with KPS <70 (P<0.01, log-rank). At multivariate analysis (Cox Model) the performance status and the number of brain metastases were identified as independent prognostic factors for overall survival. CONCLUSION: Brain metastases occur late in the course of gastrointestinal tumors. Pretherapeutic variables like KPS and the number of brain metastases have a profound influence on treatment outcome.

Improvement of regional cerebral blood flow after oral intake of ranched-chain amino acids in patients with cirrhosis

AIM： To evaluate the effect of oral intake of branchedchain amino acids （BCAA） on brain perfusion in patients with liver cirrhosis. METHODS： Single photon emission computed tomography scans were performed in 43 patients with cirrhosis and in 15 age-matched healthy subjects. Twenty-nine out of forty-three patients were randomly treated with either BCAA granules or placebo, and single photon emission computed tomography was performed before and after the treatment. We measured the regional cerebral blood flow values using a threedimensional stereotaxic region of interest template. RESULTS： Cirrhotic patients had regions of significant hypoperfusion in the bilateral central （right P = 0.039, P〈0.05; left P = 0.006 P〈0.01）, parietal （right P = 0.028, P〈0.05; left P = 0.009, P〈0.01）, angular （right P = 0.039, P〈0.05; left P = 0.008, P〈0.01）, and left pericallosal segments （P = 0.038 P〈0.05） as compared with healthy subjects. A significant increase in cerebral perfusion was observed 70 min after the oral intake of BCAA in the angular （right P = 0.012, P〈0.05; left P = 0.049, P〈0.05）, temporal （right P = 0.012, P〈0.05; left P=0.038, P〈0.05）, pericallosal segments （right P = 0.025, P〈0.05; left P = 0.049, P〈0.05） and left precentral （P = 0.044, P〈0.05）, parietal （P = 0.040, P〈0.05） and thalamus （P = 0.033, P〈0.05）. No significant change in perfusion was observed in the placebo group. CONCLUSION： Administration of BCAA rapidly improves cerebral perfusion.

Activation and subcellular distribution of ERK1/2 following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rat hippocampus

Objective： To investigate the activation （phosphorylation） and subcellular localization of extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK1/2）, as well as the possible mechanism, following cerebral ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion in rat hippocampus. Methods： Transient brain ischemia was induced by the four-vessel occlusion method in Sprague-Dawley rats. Western blot analysis. Results： During cerebral ischemia without reperfusion ERK1/2 activation immediately increased with a peak at 5 min and then decreased in the cytosol fraction, which was paralleled by the increase of ERK1/2 activation in the nucleus fraction. During reperfusion, ERK1/2 was activated with peaks occurring at 10 min in the cytosol and at 30 min in the nucleus, respectively. Under those conditions, the protein expressions had no significant change. In order to clarify the possible mechanism of ERK1/2 activation, the rats were intraperitoneally administrated with N-methyl-D-aspartate （NMDA） receptor antagonist dextromethorphan （DM）, L-type voltage-gated Ca^2＋ channel （L-VGCC） antagonist nifedipine （ND） 20 rain before ischemia, finding that DM and ND markedly prevented ERK1/2 activation of nucleus fraction induced by reperfusion, not by ischemia. Conclusion： These results suggested that the nuclear translocation mainly occurred during ischemia, while ischemia-reperfusion induced ERK1/2 activation both in the cytosol and the nucleus. Two type calcium channels contributed, at least partially, to the activation of ERK1/2.

Lexical Tone Perception in Mandarin Chinese Speakers With Aphasia

The brain localization debate of lexical tone processing concerns functional hypothesis that lexical tone, owing to its strong linguistic features, is dominant in the left hemisphere, and acoustic hypothesis that all pitch patterns, including lexical tone, are dominant in the right hemisphere due to their acoustic features. Lexical tone as a complex signal contains acoustic components that carry linguistic, paralinguistic, and nonlinguistic information. To examine these two hypotheses, the current study adopted triplet stimuli including Chinese characters, their corresponding pinyin with a diacritic, and the four diacritics representing Chinese lexical tones. The stimuli represent the variation of lexical tone for its linguistic and acoustic features. The results of a listening task by Mandarin Chinese speakers with and without aphasia support the functional hypothesis that pitch patterns are lateralized to different hemispheres of the brain depending on their functions, with lexical tone to the left hemisphere as a function of linguistic features.

大脑单侧化对公平判断框架效应的影响

目的:探讨大脑单侧化对公平判断框架效应的影响。方法:采用经典决策范式和单耳听力任务探讨被试在得失框架和大脑单侧化激活条件下的公平判断情况。结果:实验1发现被试在未得框架下的公平判断显著高于损失框架下的公平判断。实验2发现大脑单侧化激活对公平判断框架效应具有调节作用,左脑激活的被试公平判断受框架效应影响不显著;右脑激活的被试公平判断受到框架效应的显著影响,即被试在未得框架下的公平判断显著高于损失框架下的公平判断。结论:与未得框架相比,损失框架让个体产生更低的公平感;公平判断框架效应仅出现在右侧脑被激活的被试中。