Brain growth charts and age-normed brain templates are essential resources for researchers to eventually contribute to the care of individuals with atypical developmental trajectories.The present work generates age-no...Brain growth charts and age-normed brain templates are essential resources for researchers to eventually contribute to the care of individuals with atypical developmental trajectories.The present work generates age-normed brain templates for children and adolescents at one-year intervals and the corresponding growth charts to investigate the influences of age and ethnicity using a common pediatric neuroimaging protocol.Two accelerated longitudinal cohorts with the identical experimental design were implemented in the United States and China.Anatomical magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)of typically developing school-age children(TDC)was obtained up to three times at nominal intervals of1.25 years.The protocol generated and compared population-and age-specific brain templates and growth charts,respectively.A total of 674 Chinese pediatric MRI scans were obtained from 457 Chinese TDC and 190 American pediatric MRI scans were obtained from 133 American TDC.Population-and age-specific brain templates were used to quantify warp cost,the differences between individual brains and brain templates.Volumetric growth charts for labeled brain network areas were generated.Shape analyses of cost functions supported the necessity of age-specific and ethnicitymatched brain templates,which was confirmed by growth chart analyses.These analyses revealed volumetric growth differences between the two ethnicities primarily in lateral frontal and parietal areas,regions which are most variable across individuals in regard to their structure and function.Age-and ethnicity-specific brain templates facilitate establishing unbiased pediatric brain growth charts,indicating the necessity of the brain charts and brain templates generated in tandem.These templates and growth charts as well as related codes have been made freely available to the public for open neuroscience(https://github.com/zuoxinian/CCS/tree/master/H3/Growth Charts).展开更多
Brain size and weight vary tremendously in the animal kingdom. It has been suggested that brain structural develop- ment must evolve balanced between the advantages of dealing with greater social challenges mad the en...Brain size and weight vary tremendously in the animal kingdom. It has been suggested that brain structural develop- ment must evolve balanced between the advantages of dealing with greater social challenges mad the energetic costs of maintain- ing and developing larger brains. Here we ask if interspecific differences in cooperative behaviour （i.e. cleaning behaviour） are related to brain weight variations in four close-related species of Labrid fish： two are obligatory cleanerfish throughout their en- tire life （Labroides dimidiatus and L. bicolor）, one facultative cleaner fish Labropsis australis and one last species that never en- gage in cleaning Labrichthys unilineatus. We first search for the link between the rate of species＇ cooperation and its relative brain weight, and finally, if the degree of social complexity and cooperation are reflected in the weight of its major brain sub- structures. Overall, no differences were found in relative brain weight （in relation to body weight） across species. Fine-scale dif- ferences were solely demonstrated for the facultative cleaner L. australis, at the brainstem level. Furthermore, data visual exami- nation indicates that the average cerebellum and brainstem weights appear to be larger for L. dimidiatus. Because variation was solely found at specific brain areas （such as cerebellum and brainstem） and not for the whole brain weight values, it suggests that species social-ecological and cognitive demands may be directly contributing to a selective investment in relevant brain areas. This study provides first preliminary evidence that links potential differences in cognitive ability in cooperative behaviour to how these may mediate the evolution of brain structural development in non-mammal vertebrate groups .展开更多
基金the Beijing Municipal Science and Tech Commission(Z161100002616023,Z171100000117012,Z181100001518003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81220108014)+4 种基金the China-Netherlands CAS-NWO Programme(153111KYSB20160020)the National R&D Infrastructure and Facility Development Program of China,Fundamental Science Data Sharing Platform(DKA2020-12-02-21)the Startup Funds for Leading Talents at Beijing Normal University,Guangxi Ba Gui Scholarship(201621)the Key Realm R&D Program of Guangdong Province(2019B030335001)funded by the Singapore National Research Foundation(NRF)Fellowship(Class of 2017)。
文摘Brain growth charts and age-normed brain templates are essential resources for researchers to eventually contribute to the care of individuals with atypical developmental trajectories.The present work generates age-normed brain templates for children and adolescents at one-year intervals and the corresponding growth charts to investigate the influences of age and ethnicity using a common pediatric neuroimaging protocol.Two accelerated longitudinal cohorts with the identical experimental design were implemented in the United States and China.Anatomical magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)of typically developing school-age children(TDC)was obtained up to three times at nominal intervals of1.25 years.The protocol generated and compared population-and age-specific brain templates and growth charts,respectively.A total of 674 Chinese pediatric MRI scans were obtained from 457 Chinese TDC and 190 American pediatric MRI scans were obtained from 133 American TDC.Population-and age-specific brain templates were used to quantify warp cost,the differences between individual brains and brain templates.Volumetric growth charts for labeled brain network areas were generated.Shape analyses of cost functions supported the necessity of age-specific and ethnicitymatched brain templates,which was confirmed by growth chart analyses.These analyses revealed volumetric growth differences between the two ethnicities primarily in lateral frontal and parietal areas,regions which are most variable across individuals in regard to their structure and function.Age-and ethnicity-specific brain templates facilitate establishing unbiased pediatric brain growth charts,indicating the necessity of the brain charts and brain templates generated in tandem.These templates and growth charts as well as related codes have been made freely available to the public for open neuroscience(https://github.com/zuoxinian/CCS/tree/master/H3/Growth Charts).
文摘Brain size and weight vary tremendously in the animal kingdom. It has been suggested that brain structural develop- ment must evolve balanced between the advantages of dealing with greater social challenges mad the energetic costs of maintain- ing and developing larger brains. Here we ask if interspecific differences in cooperative behaviour （i.e. cleaning behaviour） are related to brain weight variations in four close-related species of Labrid fish： two are obligatory cleanerfish throughout their en- tire life （Labroides dimidiatus and L. bicolor）, one facultative cleaner fish Labropsis australis and one last species that never en- gage in cleaning Labrichthys unilineatus. We first search for the link between the rate of species＇ cooperation and its relative brain weight, and finally, if the degree of social complexity and cooperation are reflected in the weight of its major brain sub- structures. Overall, no differences were found in relative brain weight （in relation to body weight） across species. Fine-scale dif- ferences were solely demonstrated for the facultative cleaner L. australis, at the brainstem level. Furthermore, data visual exami- nation indicates that the average cerebellum and brainstem weights appear to be larger for L. dimidiatus. Because variation was solely found at specific brain areas （such as cerebellum and brainstem） and not for the whole brain weight values, it suggests that species social-ecological and cognitive demands may be directly contributing to a selective investment in relevant brain areas. This study provides first preliminary evidence that links potential differences in cognitive ability in cooperative behaviour to how these may mediate the evolution of brain structural development in non-mammal vertebrate groups .
