葡使麦德樂、巴哲格出使中国

近世欧人东渐,始於葡萄牙。十五世纪中叶,土耳其人占领了君士坦丁堡,切断了欧洲通往东方的商道,促使欧洲殖民主义者纷纷探索新的航道,以获取东方奢侈品及黄金白银。1498年,达伽马首次绕过好望角到达印度,从此打开了东方市场的大门。葡萄牙,明代称之为佛郎机,清代则谓之博尔都噶尔或大西洋国,自达伽马首航到达印度後,1505年即已完全取得印度西海岸的贸易权,派遣了驻印度总督。1511年占据了马六甲。葡王曾派使节如明要求通商,诏书颁下,不允其请。

认知西方世界的吉光片羽 职贡图:天朝开眼一瞥世界

2013年,法国总统奥朗德访华时,曾参观故宫博物院。奥朗德一行和普通游人一样,从位于紫禁城南端的午门步入故宫,在行至漱芳斋时,奥朗德见到了一件珍贵的传世绘画。画卷上绘有路易时代的法国男女,男人身着三件套洋服,短套裤,丝绸长筒袜,手执拐杖,头戴假发。女人身着长裙,髋部宽大,并有紧身的胸衣。这幅图画的内容对奥朗德来说想必并不陌生,新奇的是这幅画的画法与画风。

Possible Impact of the Summer North Atlantic Oscillation on Extreme Hot Events in China

This paper reveals that the summer North Atlantic Oscillation (SNAO) is closely related to the extreme hot event (EHE) variability in China during the period of 1979 2009, with a positive-phase (negative-phase) SNAO corresponding to less (more) EHEs in northern China. The summer circulation anomalies associated with the SNAO give further confirmation of the above relationship. In a positive-phase (negative-phase) SNAO year, there is an anomalous cyclone (anticyclone) over central East Asia, which can increase (decrease) the total cloud cover over this region. Such changes of the total cloud cover can then decrease (increase) the solar radiation reaching the surface, which is consequently unfavorable (favorable) to the formation of EHEs over northern China.

Weakening of Winter North Atlantic Oscillation Signal in Spring Precipitation over Southern China

In this study,the relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO） in winter （DecemberFebruary） and the precipitation over southem China （SCP） in the following spring （March-May） was investigated.Results showed an interdecadal change,from strong to weak connection,in their connection.Before the early 1980s,they were highly correlated,with a strong （weak） winter NAO followed by an increased （decreased） spring SCP.However,after the early 1980s,their relationship was weakened significantly.This unstable relationship may be linked to the climatological change of East Asian jet.Before the early 1980s,the wave train along the Asian jet propagated the NAO signal eastward to East Asia and affected local upper-tropospheric atmospheric circulation.A strong NAO in winter led to an anomalous anticyclonic circulation at the south side of 30°N in East Asia in spring,resulting in an increase of SCP.In contrast,after the early 1980s,the wave train pattern along the Asian jet extended eastward due to strengthening of the climatological East Asian jet.Correspondingly,the NAO-related East Asian atmospheric circulations in the upper troposphere shifted eastward,thereby weakening the linkage between the spring SCP and the winter NAO.

Impact of Preceding Summer North Atlantic Oscillation on Early Autumn Precipitation over Central China

This study examined the impact of the preceding boreal summer(June–August) North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) on early autumn(September) rainfall over Central China(RCC). The results show that a significant positive correlation exists between the preceding summer NAO and the early autumn RCC on the interannual timescale. In order to understand the physical mechanism between them, the role of ocean was investigated. It was found that the strong summer NAO can induce a tripole sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) in the North Atlantic; this SSTA pattern can persist until early autumn. The diagnostic analysis showed that the tripole SSTA pattern excites a downstream Atlantic-Eurasian(AEA) teleconnection, which contributes to an increase in RCC. The circulation anomalies related to SSTA caused by the weak NAO are opposite, so the RCC is less than normal. The results imply that the preceding summer NAO may be regarded as a forecast factor for the early autumn RCC.

Transatlantic Cooperation During the Second World War： The First Stages of Economic Cooperation During the ＂Phoney War＂

During the Second world war, the Franco-British cooperation included the organization of purchasing missions for airnautical material in the States. On 25 november 1939, a Franco-British agreement was set up to organize two purchasing missions in the United States under the control of a ＂Liaison Committee＂ supervised by the Treasury Secretary, Henry Morgenthau. Edouard Daladier, French Chief of Government, sent Ren6 Pleven to establish contacts with General Arnold （AirCorps）. The Franco-British financial contribution facilitated a main spurt in investments which help modernize the American products apparatus. First contacts were established on April 1940, to be delivered in September. While France had not be able to benefit from significant part of these orders, Great Britain would take over some units that were originally allocated to France. These contracts would later facilitate the development of transatlantic cooperation.

Influence of Tidal Inlets on Tsunami Waves in the Atlantic （Charente Region, France）

The French Atlantic coast seismicity is minor to moderate. Nevertheless, in western （north and central） part of France, the active tectonics related to the south Armorican and the Bay of Biscay context results sometimes in shallow earthquakes with magnitude above five （e.g., the Oleron seismic crisis, magnitude （local） = 5.2, 1972）. The Charente region is featured by semi-diurnal tides that reach about six meters in height during the high tide period. Inlets are the main features of the Atlantic margin geomorphology nearby the Charente. Minor tsunamis have been observed and reported in the past. Here, we present a tsunami modelling computed with the TELEMAC package that solves the non linear shallow water equations. This work helps to identify the role of the inlets that characterize the Charente＇s geomorphology on water wave＇s propagation. A tidal model is considered while the tsunami simulation is performed. The modelling results show that the Antioche, the Maumusson and the Pertuis inlets protect the Charente coast from destructive waves.

Diversity and Distribution of Tunicata （Urochordata）in Tobaao

The beautiful island of Tobago is the southernmost Caribbean island. The sister island of Trinidad belongs to the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Thirty-two species of tunicates were collected from Tobago from depths of 40 m or less and they were listed. Tunicates listed in this work were from collections made in 1956, 1991, 1993, 2002 and 2006 and although specimens were collected from the Atlantic Ocean side of the island and the Caribbean Sea side, all species turned out to be typical Caribbean species.

＂Collapse＂ of Europe in the Light of Energy Dependence

The issue of the future of Europe is becoming increasingly important what with the depth of the economic crisis that started in 2008. In addition to a continuous growth in the number of the unemployed, the crisis particularly emphasizes the chronic level of energy dependence. The energy saving measures ~energy efficiency）, diversification of sources （stability of supply）, and the creation of substitutes in renewable energy （energy transition）, intertwine with administrative measures and form the response of European countries to the growing energy dependence. At the same time, although facing the threatening warming （or cooling） of the Earth, Europe, as a big advocate of reducing CO2 remains passively dependent on NATO （North Atlantic Treaty Organization） policy in the field of defense in the context of energy dependence. However, for the first time after many decades, Europe and America do not have the same energy, and consequently geo-strategic objective： The US has become energy independent while Europe is chronically energy dependent.

晚清中葡交涉中的国籍问题

笔者近年参与葡萄牙外交部所藏葡国驻广州总领事馆清末档案资料的整理编辑工作,注意到许多牵涉华人加入葡籍问题的交涉案。本文试以葡国驻广州总领事馆清末档案为例,主要从中国官府、有关华民及外国领事各自不同的认知立场分析晚清中葡交涉中的国籍问题。近代西方国家中与中国交往最早也曾最频繁的当属葡萄牙。葡萄牙曾被称作＂佛郎机＂、＂意大利亚＂等,清代多以＂大西洋国＂名,有时直称＂葡国＂。

一部澳门历史的力作——评黄启臣教授的《澳门历史(自远古-1840年)》

一部澳门历史的力作——评黄启臣教授的《澳门历史（自远古－１８４０年）》林远辉自从１５５３年葡萄牙人进入和赁居澳门以后，对澳门的研究日益增多起来。在乾隆年间印光任、张汝霖合著《澳门记略》问世之后，也出版了不少澳门历史的专书。而新近由澳门历史学会出版、广...

散叶

中国第一本介绍世界地理历史的著作谢清高是已知的鸦片战争之前的清代人中走得最远、最广,且给后人留下著作的第一人。在他之前,康熙年间樊守义(1682-1735)曾出游西方12年并写成《身见录》一书,但是此书直到1937年才被人发现,对近代中国未产生任何影响。谢清高18岁时便随外国商船游历欧洲,其航海生涯大致在1782-1795年,后因双目失明,只得返回澳门定居。嘉庆二十五年(1820),谢清高请嘉应举人杨炳南将自己的经历记录整理成《海录》一书。这是中国第一本介绍世界地理、历史及风土人情的著作,全书约25000字,记述了世界上90余个国家和地区的情况。欧美部分记载最详的是大西洋国(葡萄牙)荷兰国和英吉利国。正如吕调阳重刻《海录》序文中所说:“中国人著书谈海事,远及大西洋外,自谢清高始。”

Exotic origin of the Chinese continental shelf: new insights into the tectonic evolution of the western Pacific and eastern China since the Mesozoic

The effect of paleo-Pacific subduction on the geological evolution of the western Pacific and continental China is likely complex. Nevertheless, our analysis of the distribution of Mesozoic granitoids in the eastern continental China in space and time has led us to an interesting conclusion： The basement of the continental shelf beneath East and South China Seas may actually be of exotic origin geologically unrelated to the continental lithosphere of eastern China. By accepting the notion that the Jurassic- Cretaceous granitoids in the region are genetically associated with western Pacific subduction and the concept that subduction may cease to continue only if the trench is being jammed, then the termination of the granitoid magmatism throughout the vast region at -88±2 Ma manifests the likelihood of ＂sudden＂, or shortly beforehand （- 100 Ma）, trench jam of the Mesozoic western Pacific subduction. Trench jam happens if the incoming ＂plate＂ or portion of the plate contains a sizeable mass that is too buoyant to subduct. The best candidate for such a buoyant and unsubductable mass is either an oceanic plateau or a micro-continent. We hypothesize that the basement of the Chinese continental shelf represents such an exotic, buoyant and unsubductable mass, rather than seaward extension of the continental lithosphere of eastern China. The locus of the jammed trench （i.e., the suture） is predictably located on the shelf in the vicinity of, and parallel to, the arc-curved coastal line of the southeast continental China. It is not straightforward to locate the locus in the northern section of the East China Sea shelf because of the more recent （〈20 Ma） tectonic re-organization associated with the opening of the Sea of Japan. We predict that the trench jam at - 100 Ma led to the re-orientation of the Pacific plate motion in the course of NNW direction as inferred from the age-progressive Emperor Seamount Chain of Hawaiian hotspot origin （its oldest unsubdued Meiji and Detroit seamounts are -82 Ma）, making the boundary between the Pacific plate and the newly accreted plate of eastern Asia transform fault at the location east of the continental shelf of exotic origin. This explains the apparent-40 Myr magmatic gap from - 88 to - 50 Ma prior to present-day western Pacific subduction initiation. We propose that basement penetration drilling on well-chosen sites is needed to test the hypothesis in order to reveal the true nature of the Chinese continental shelf basement. This testing becomes critical and cannot longer be neglected in order to genuinely understand the tectonic evolution of the western Pacific and its effect on the geology of eastern China since the Mesozoic, including the cratonic lithosphere thinning, related magmatism/mineralization, and the mechanism of the subsequent South China Sea opening, while also offering novel perspectives on aspects of the plate tectonics theory. We also suggest the importance of future plate tectonic reconstruction of the western Pacific to consider the nature and histories of the Chinese continental shelf of exotic origin as well as the probable transform plate boundary from - 100 to -50 Ma. Effort is needed to reveal the true nature and origin of the - 88 ± 2 Ma granitic gneisses in Taiwan and the 110-88 Ma granitoids on the Hainan Island.

Quaternary primary productivity in Porcupine Seabight,NE North Atlantic

Biogenic opal and calcium carbonate contents in the Quaternary fine-grained sediments in the deep sea coral mound area (Hole U1317E and Hole U1318B drilled by IODP Expedition 307) in Porcupine Seabight, southwest off Ireland, were measured to estimate the primary productivity (Pp) of the surface seawater in NE Atlantic. The results from the two holes commonly show relatively high Pp values of 10-30 g cm-2 ky-1, having stratigraphic cyclicity reversely correlated with the δ13C profile. The high Pp could be attributed to the oceanic setting controlled by the Eastern North Atlantic (Central) Water and Shelf Edge Current, which have been strongly influenced by the obliquity forcing of the Milankovitch cycle. A positive covariance was observed between high Pp and the mound development in U1317E, implying that the organic matter was the principal food source for the mound coral community. It is proposed that the pelagic marl matrix of the mound sediments provides information of the surface water productivity that is useful for reconstructing the paleoceanography and the paleoclimate in the NW Atlantic.

Impact of El Nio on atmospheric circulations over East Asia and rainfall in China： Role of the anomalous western North Pacific anticyclone

This paper presents a review on the impact of El Nio on the interannual variability of atmospheric circulations over East Asia and rainfall in China through the anomalous anticyclone over western North Pacific(WNPAC). It explains the formation mechanisms of the WNPAC and physical processes by which the WNPAC affects the rainfall in China. During the mature phase of El Nio, the convective cooling anomalies over western tropical Pacific caused by the weakened convections trigger up an atmospheric Rossby wave response, resulting in the generation of the WNPAC. The WNPAC can persist from the winter when the El Nio is in its peak to subsequent summer, which is maintained by multiple factors including the sustained presence of convective cooling anomalies and the local air-sea interaction over western tropical Pacific, and the persistence of sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) in tropical Indian and tropical North Atlantic. The WNPAC can influence the atmospheric circulations over East Asia and rainfall in China not only simultaneously, but also in the subsequent summer after an El Nio year, leading to more rainfall over southern China. The current paper also points out that significant anomalies of atmospheric circulations over East Asia and rainfall over southern China occur in El Nio winter but not in La Nio winter, suggesting that El Nio and La Nio have an asymmetric effect. Other issues, including the impact of El Nio diversity and its impact as well as the relations of the factors affecting the persistence of the WNPAC with summer rainfall anomalies in China, are also discussed. At the end of this paper some issues calling for further investigation are discussed.