SoLoMo理念在美国大西部图书馆联盟中的应用及启示

自2011年2月约翰.杜尔提出SoLoMo理念以来,SoLoMo被一致认为是互联网当下乃至未来的发展趋势。图书馆界也积极将SoLoMo理念运用到图书馆服务中。基于SoLoMo理念,论文主要从实践层面探讨了美国大西部图书馆联盟各成员馆中的SoLoMo的具体应用情况,并对我国图书馆开展SoLoMo服务提出相应思考与建议。

大西部的开发与美国的现代化

西部大开发对美国历史的影响是全局性的。它不仅涉及6.5倍于美国宣布独立时的领土和2倍于东部的联邦成员,而且其过程几乎贯穿于美国的整个成年时期。大批处女地的拓殖及三大农业“王国”的建立,极大地增强了美国的经济基础:五大湖重工业区的建立,则使美国的产业升级,从而加快了美国工业化和现代化的进程。另成千上万独立的农场主在西部的成长,不仅直接为1861年爆发的内战提供了战斗力量,也为19世纪末和20世纪初的“进步主义”改革准备了社会基础。但美国的西部大开发也引发了大量只顾眼前利益而不顾长远利益的短期行为,其建设性和破坏性相伴而行。直到西奥多.罗斯福总统上台时,才采取以有序开发取代无序开发的新型开发模式。

奔赴大西部

丑小鸭在鸭场受尽欺辱。别的小鸭都上学了,可是丑小鸭却不能去。他们嫌他丑,都不愿带他。丑小鸭就天天悄悄地跟着他们去学校,站在窗外偷偷地学。

《瀚海劫尘》(冯其庸中国大西部摄影集)

冯其庸先生是著名的红学家,文史研究出版专家,又擅绘画和书法,他的书画驰名于国内外。冯先生还爱好摄影,数十年来创作了不少优美而又有深厚内涵的摄影作品。冯先生在长期从事文史研究工作中,特别注意研究中国的西部,对于陕西、甘肃、内蒙、青海、宁夏、新疆数省尤所注重。从八十年代初开始,曾四次进入西部的大沙漠,并两次翻越天山,深入塔里木盆地。

西部大开发与少数民族历史档案保护政策研究

我国西部存在着非常多的少数民族历史档案,因为历史中一些自然以及人为的因素导致了我国少数民族历史档案出现遗失,随着现如今我国西部大开发战略的开展,保护我国少数民族历史档案显得尤为重要。对此笔者在下文中分析提出了大西部开发战略开展下少数民族历史档案的保护政策。

西部大开发 农机化面临的机遇与挑战

西部农机化作为西部大开发的一个重要组成部分无疑将面临新的机遇与挑战,我们应在西部大开发中找准农机化的立足点、增长点和切入点,以"全球化、市场化、农机化"制订西部农机化开发战略,发展以"大西部、大市场、大农机"为目标的西部特色农机化.

漫话滇藏铁路

开发大西部,加快铁路建设,是重要的一环.青藏高原是黄河、长江的源头,我国中原之所以有五千年的历史文明,没有这两条大河是不可思议的.我们不可以弃本忘源.

深切懷念馮其庸先生

二〇一七年元月二十二日,著名文化巨匠、中國敦煌吐魯番學會顧問馮其庸先生駕鶴仙逝,享年九十五歲。一九八一年,我因恩師啓功先生引薦,得以求教於馮老,三十五年來親炙教誨,獲益匪淺。馮老對中國傳統學術文化傳承的巨大貢獻,舉世公認。

互动平台

对《西部大开发》的“特别调查”；应加重西部各省区的报道分量；希望刊物继续创新。

西进路上易商港

有人说西部是这个世纪最后一个神话了,楼兰古城、丝绸之路、敦煌飞天,历经几个世纪的风雨已经是繁华不再。不知有多久了了,“春风不度玉门关”,中华民族数代人在这片神奇而又贫瘠的土地上苦苦的梦想,终于等来了一个新千年的新声音,2000年3月15日上午9时10分,朱镕基总理在第九届全国人大会议上作政府工作报告:挺进大西部,向西部进军！人们终于要踏上这条不归的西进之路……

Sedimentary Evolution of the Holocene Subaqueous Clinoform off the Southern Shandong Peninsula in the Western South Yellow Sea

Based on the stratigraphic sequence formed since the last glaciation and revealed by 3000 km long high-resolution shallow seismic profiles and the core QDZ03 acquired recently off the southern Shandong Peninsula, we addressed the sedimentary characteristics of a Holocene subaqueous clinoform in this paper. Integrated analyses were made on the core QDZ03, including sedimentary facies, sediment grain sizes, clay minerals, geochemistry, micro paleontology, and AMS 14 C dating. The result indicates that there exists a Holocene subaqueous clinoform, whose bottom boundary generally lies at 15–40 m below the present sea level with its depth contours roughly parallel to the coast and getting deeper seawards. The maximum thickness of the clinoform is up to 22.5 m on the coast side, and the thickness contours generally spread in a banded way along the coastline and becomes thinner towards the sea. At the mouths of some bays along the coast, the clinoform stretches in the shape of a fan and its thickness is evidently larger than that of the surrounding sediments. This clinoform came into being in the early Holocene(about 11.2 cal kyr BP) and can be divided into the lower and upper depositional units(DU 2 and DU 1, respectively). The unit DU 2, being usually less than 3 m in thickness and formed under a low sedimentation rate, is located between the bottom boundary and the Holocene maximum flooding surface(MFS), and represents the sediment of a post-glacial transgressive systems tract; whereas the unit DU 1, the main body of the clinoform, sits on the MFS, belonging to the sediment of a highstand systems tract from middle Holocene(about 7–6 cal kyr BP) to the present. The provenance of the clinoform differs from that of the typical sediments of the Yellow River and can be considered as the results of the joint contribution from both the Yellow River and the proximal coastal sediments of the Shandong Peninsula, as evidenced by the sediment geochemistry of the core. As is controlled mainly by coactions of multiple factors such as the Holocene sea-level changes, sediment supplies and coastal dynamic conditions, the development of the clinoform is genetically related with the synchronous clinoform or subaqueous deltas around the northeastern Shandong Peninsula and in the northern South Yellow Sea in the spatial distribution and sediment provenance, as previously reported, with all of them being formed from the initial stage of the Holocene up to the present.

Effect of Land Use Change on Runoff and Sediment Yield in Da River Basin of Hoa Binh province, Northwest Vietnam

The objective of this study was to assess runoff discharge and sediment yield from Da River Basin in the Northwest of Vietnam using Soil and Water Assessment Tools(SWAT) model.The SWAT model was calibrated and validated using the observed monthly stream flows and sediment yield at selected gauging stations.The results indicated that SWAT generally performs well in simulating runoff and sediment yield according to Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE), Observation's standard deviation ratio(RSR), and percent bias(PBIAS) values.For runoff, the values of NSE, RSR, and PBIAS were 0.98,0.02, and 3.69 during calibration period and 0.99,0.01, and 1.56 during validation period, respectively.For sediment yield, the efficiency was lower than the value of NSE, RSR, and PBIAS during calibration period were 0.81, 0.19, and-4.14 and 0.84, 0.16, and-2.56 during validation period, respectively.The results of the study indicated that the vegetation status has a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield.Changes in land use type between 1995 and2005 from forest to field crop and urban strongly contributed to increasing the average annual runoff from 182.5 to 342.7 mm and sediment yield from101.3 to 148.1 ton-1 ha.Between 2005 and 2010, adecrease of both runoff(from 342.7 to 167.6 mm) and sediment yield(from 148.1 to 74.0 ton-1 ha) was due to the expansion of forested area and application of soil conservation practices.The results of this study are important for developing soil and water conservation programs, extending future SWAT modelling studies and disseminating these results to other regions in Vietnam.

China’s Western Development Strategy for Modernization Drive

The Western Development Strategy(WDS)is a key aspect of China’s coordinated regional development strategy and effort to build a modern country.The world is undergoing profound changes that have not been witnessed in a century.This paper discusses the WDS’s importance in regards to China’s modernization drive and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.First,this paper identifies the WDS’s mission to improve people’s livelihood in China’s western regions,promote common prosperity for the Eurasian continent,and support the green transition of China’s and Eurasian energy economic and environmental systems,and safeguard ecological security in Asia at large.Second,this paper suggests that the key to the WDS is to reshape the geographical layout of economic activity in the western regions to avoid inefficiency.Specifically,China should develop a compact geographical layout of economic activity in the western regions,introduce a unique competition strategy,as well as find solutions for coordinated regional development based on key river basins.Finally,develop smart internet and inland free ports within the western regions.

Characteristics,Causes and Mitigation of Catastrophic Debris Flow Hazard on 21 July 2011 at the Longda Watershed of Songpan County,China

Debris flow is a common natural hazard in the mountain areas of Western China due to favorable natural conditions, and also exacerbated by mountainous exploitation activities. This paper concentrated on the characteristics, causes and mitigation of a catastrophic mine debris flow hazard at Longda Watershed in Songpan County, Sichuan Province, on 21 July 2011. This debris flow deposited in the front of the No.1 dam, silted the drainage channel for flood and then rushed into tailing sediment reservoir in the main channel and made the No.2 dam breached. The outburst debris flow blocked Fu River, formed dammed lake and generated outburst flood, which delivered heavy metals into the lower reaches of Fu River, polluted the drink water source of the population of over 1 million. The debris flow was characterized with a density of 1.87～2.15 t/m3 and a clay content of less than 1.63%. The peak velocity and flux at Longda Gully was over l0.0～10.9 m/s and 429.o～446.o m3/s, respectively, and the flux was about 700 m3/s in main channel, equaling to the flux of the probability of 1%. About 33o,ooorn3 solid materials was transported by debris flow and deposited in the drainage tunnel （120,000～130,000 m3）, the front of No.1 dam （100,000 m3） and the mouth of the watershed （l00,000～110,000 m3）, respectively. When the peak flux and magnitude of debris flow was more than 462 m3/s and 7,423 m3, respectively, it would block Fu River and produce a hazard chain which was composed of debris flow, dammed lake and outburst flood. Furthermore, the 21 July large-scale debris flow was triggered by rainstorm with an intensity of 21.2 mm/0.5 h and the solid materials of debris flow were provided by landslides, slope deposits, mining wastes and tailing sediments. The property losses were mainly originated from the silting of the drainage tunnel for flash flood but not for debris flow and the irrational location of tailing sediment reservoir. Therefore, the mitigation measures for mine debris flows were presented： （1） The disastrous debris flow watershed should be identified in planning period and prohibited from being taken as the site of mining factories; （2） The mining facilities are constructed at the safe areas or watersheds; （3） Scoria plots, concentrator factory and tailing sediment reservoir are constructed in safe areas where the protection measures be easily made against debris flows; （4） The appropriate system and plan of debris flow mitigation including monitoring, remote monitoring and early-warning and emergency plan is established; （5） The stability of waste dump and tailing sediment reservoir are monitored continuously to prevent mining debris flows.

Key technologies for the construction of the Xiluodu high arch dam on the Jinsha River in the development of hydropower in western China

Hydropower development in China is concentrated in the country's western regions.Among all the rivers in China,the lower course of the Jinsha River contains the richest hydro-energy resource,and therefore,4 mammoth hydropower plants are under construction on this particular section of the river at Wudongde,Baihetan,Xiluodu,and Xiangjiaba.The water-blocking structures of the hydropower facilities at Wudongde,Baihetan and Xiluodu are all arch dams of around 300 m high.In view of changes in the geological conditions at the foundation of the Xiluodu dam on the riverbed after excavation started,the designs of expanding foundation surface excavation and dovetailing the dam body and foundation rock on both upstream and downstream sides were introduced,allowing the arch dam and foundation to fit each other and improving the stress conditions of the dam body and foundation.By dividing the dam body into various concrete sections,the dynamic properties of concrete were adequately adjusted to the distribution of stress in the dam body.In addition,the use of the most optimal concrete material and mixture ratio allowed thermodynamics of concrete to satisfy the requirements of the strength,durability,temperature control and crack prevention of the concrete.Moreover,rigorous temperature control measures were introduced to prevent harmful cracking,thus enhancing the integrity of the arch dam.Furthermore,sophisticated construction machinery,scientific testing methods,and sound construction techniques were employed to ensure the uniformity and reliability of concrete placement.The "Digital Dam" for the Xiluodu project,which is based on the theory of total life cycle,has supplied strong support for construction process control and decision-making.

Influence of moisture content on shearing strength of unsaturated undisturbed quaternary system middle pleistocene

The unsaturated undisturbed quaternary system middle pleistocene loess,a typical unsaturated soil,often occurs in the implementation of western development strategy.To obtain the shearing strength characteristics of this unsaturated undisturbed loess,based on the analysis of mineral composition,the triaxial shear test of undisturbed quaternary system middle pleistocene loess under different moisture contents is conducted with the specialized triaxial instrument for unsaturated soil.The test results show that the mainly mineral composition of undisturbed quaternary system middle pleistocene loess is quartz and albite.Under the same confining pressure,the matric suction increases with the decrease of moisture content.The smaller the moisture content,the larger the matric suction;the higher the moisture content,the lower the matric suction.Under the same moisture content,the matric suction increases with the confining pressure and reaches a maximum when the confining pressure is 100 kPa,and then decreases with the increase of confining pressure.This phenomenon is closely related to the grain contact tightness of soil mass under high confining pressure.According to the triaxial test of loess,the sample of loess experiences 4 stages from loading to failure:1) compaction stage;2) compression stage;3) microcrack developing stage;4) shear failure stage.The test sample is of brittle failure(weak softening)under low moisture content and confining pressure.With the decrease of matric suction and the increase of consolidated confining pressure,the stress-strain curve changes from softening type to ideal plastic type.In the shearing strength parameters of unsaturated undisturbed loess,the influence of moisture content on internal friction angle is small,but that on cohesive force is obvious.Therefore,the shearing strength of unsaturated undisturbed loess is higher than that of saturated undisturbed loess and varies with the moisture content.

ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE SUMMER RAINFALL IN CHINA AND THE ATMOSPHERIC HEAT SOURCES OVER THE EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU AND THE WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL

The relationships between the summer rainfall in China and the atmospheric heat sources over the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the western Pacific warm pool were analyzed comparatively, using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis daily data. The strong (weak) heat source in summer over the eastern Tibetan Plateau will lead to abundant (scarce) summer rainfall in the Yangtze River basin, and scarce/abundant summer rainfall in the eastern part of Southern China. While the strong (weak) heat source in summer over the western Pacific warm pool will lead to another pattern of abundant (scarce) summer rainfall in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and scarce (abundant) summer rainfall in Southern China and in the region of northern Jiangsu to southern Shandong. Comparatively, the heat source over the eastern Tibetan Plateau affects a larger area of summer rainfall than the heat source over the western Pacific. In both cases of the heat source anomalies over the eastern Tibetan Plateau and over the western Pacific, there exist EAP-like teleconnection patterns in East Asia. The summer rainfall in China is influenced directly by the abnormal vertical motion, which is related closely to the abnormal heat sources in the atmosphere. The ridge line of the western Pacific High locates far south (north) in summer in the case of strong (weak) heat sources over the two areas mentioned above.