奔袭大谢集

巨野县烈士陵园烈士纪念堂前,苍松翠柏拥抱着一块石碑,虽然碑石斑驳,但碑文清晰可辨。上书:晋冀鲁豫野战步兵六旅十七团特派员郭凤朝烈士之墓中华民国36年7月30日立六旅周发田刘华清彭孛桂王树堂于笑虹敬挽。石碑讲述着一场惊心动魄的战斗,把我们又带入战火纷飞的年代。1947年7月12日,刘邓大军二纵六旅奉命东进,奔袭巨野城南大谢集国民党六十六师三十八团。曹县通往大谢集的几条土路上。

试论加快大榭岛集装箱港口开发

通过对目前亚太地区经济形势和集装箱运输量发展变化状况的分析 ,认为应充分利用大榭岛深水海岸资源和自然地理位置优势 ,抓住机遇 ,加快开发第五、第六代集装箱港口 ,这对早日建成上海国际航运中心有着巨大的现实意义 ;提出了加快开发大榭岛集装箱港口的内容和步骤 ,以及针对建设大型国际集装箱港口目前需采取的对策和措施。

Relationship Between Polyamine Metabolism in Roots and Salt Tolerance of Barley Seedlings

Plant growth rate (GR), contents of free polyamines (fPAs) and bound polyamines (bPAs) and activities of some key enzymes involved in polyamine (PA) metabolism in the roots of two barley (Hordeum valgare L.) cultivars differing in salt sensitivity were investigated with 0-300 mmol/L NaCl treatments. With 0-200 mmol/L NaCl treatments, activities of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and transglutaminase (TGase) and PA oxidase (PAO) in the roots of barley seedlings all increased, while TGase and PAO activities decreased slightly at 300 mmol/L NaCl. As a result, free Put (fPut) content increased continuously with increasing concentrations of NaCl, while levels of free Spd (fSpd) and an unknown PA (fPAx) and bPAs (bPut, bSpd and bPAx), as well as (fSpd + fPAx)/fPut ratio rose at 50-200 mmol/L NaCl and reduced at 300 mmol/L NaCl. However, no significant change in the tetra-amine spermine (Spin) content was observed. Statistical analysis showed that GR was very significantly positively correlated with (fSpd + fPAx)/fPut ratios and the contents of bPAs, whereas a significant inverse correlation existed between GR and the ratios of fPA contents to bPA levels. These results showed that, under salt stress, the balance between fSpd, fPAx and fPut levels and an equipoise between fPA and bPA contents in roots were important to salt tolerance of barley seedlings.

唐宋时代登州港海上航线初探

唐宋时代,中国的社会经济、科学文化空前发展,造船技术和航海技术也达到世界先进水平。罗盘针的发明,新航路的开辟以及气象观测用于航海使海上交通发展到一个新的阶段。中国沿海各大港口对南洋、印度洋以及日本,高丽的海上交通十分繁盛,远超前代。以往研究海上交通史者多注重于我国南方港同海外诸国之间海上航线的研究,而对北方诸港尤其是登州港的海上航线研究甚少,本文就这一问题试作探索。

Pharmacokinetics of Recombinant E. coli L-asparaginase in Rats

The distribution of ^(125)I recombinant E. coli L-asparaginase in tissues ororgans and the excretion in urine, feces and bile were studied with in vivo radioactive tracertechnique. The amount of radioactivity excreted in urine, feces and bile within 24 h afterintravenous administration of ^(125)I recombinant E. col L-asparaginase to rats was 68.95% ,4.44%and 5.36% of the dose respectively. ^(125)I recombinant E. coli L-asparaginase in plasma samples wasdetermined. The levels of structural intact molecule in plasma samples were evaluated by SDS-PAGEand bio-imaging analyzer system. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed with a model-dependentmethod. The concentration-time curves of recombinant E. coli L-asparaginase after intravenousinjection at 1 250 IU·kg^(-1), 2 500, IU·kg^(-1), 5 000 IU·kg^(-1) to rats were consistent withthe two-compartment model. The first and terminal elimination t_(1/2) were 0.52 ~ 0.63 h and 2.39 ~2.76 h respectively. AUC was linearly related to the doses. The results of distribution in tissuesor organs and excretion in urine suggested that the metabolites of the enzyme were cleared bymechanisms of urinary excretion. Pharmacokinetics parameters of recombinant E. coli L- asparaginasein rats are warranted for the design of future clinical trials.

Sources and significance of variation in basal,summit and maximal metabolic rates in birds

The rates at which birds use energy may have profound effects on fitness, thereby influencing physiology, behavior, ecology and evolution. Comparisons of standardized metabolic rates （e.g., lower and upper limits of metabolic power output） present a method for elucidating the effects of ecological and evolutionary factors on the interface between physiology and life history in birds. In this paper we review variation in avian metabolic rates [basal metabolic rate （BMR; minimum normothermic metabolic rate）, summit metabolic rate （Msum; maximal thermoregulatory metabolic rate）, and maximal metabolic rate （MMR; maximal exercise metabolic rate）], the factors associated with this variation, the evidence for functional links between these metabolic traits, and the ecological and evolutionary significance of avian metabolic diversity. Both lower and upper limits to metabolic power production are phenotypically flexible traits, and vary in association with numerous ecological and evolutionary factors. For both inter- and intraspecific comparisons, lower and upper limits to metabolic power production are generally upregulated in response to energetically demanding conditions and downregulated when energetic demands are relaxed, or under conditions of energetic scarcity. Positive correlations have been documented between BMR, Msum and MMR in some, but not all studies on birds, providing partial support for the idea of a functional link between lower and upper limits to metabolic power production, but more intraspecific studies are needed to determine the robustness of this conclusion. Correlations between BMR and field metabolic rate （or daily energy expenditure） in birds are variable, suggesting that the linkage between these traits is subject to behavioral adjustment, and studies of the relationship between field and maximal metabolic rates are lacking. Our understanding of avian metabolic diversity would benefit from future studies of： （1） the functional and mechanistic links between lower and upper limits of metabolic power output; （2） the environmental and ecological cues driving phenotypically flexible metabolic responses, and how responses to such cues might impact population responses to climate change; （3） the shapes of metabolic reaction norms and their association with environmental variability; and （4） the relationship of metabolic variation to fitness, including studies of repeatability and heritability of minimum and maximum metabolic power output [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 741-758, 2010].

Metformin prevents hormonal and metabolic disturbances and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in non-diabetic rats

Effects of two doses of the anti-diabetic drug, metformin （MF）, on hormonal and metabolic levels of serum of non-diabetic male Wistar rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine （DMH）-induced colon tumor adenocarcinomas were studied. Carcinogenesis in the animals was also observed. Rats with DMH-induced colon adenocarcinomas had elevated levels of serum glucose, insulin, insulin- like growth factor-l, total cholesterol, triglycerides, catalase, malonic dialdehyde, glycated hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase and decreased hemoglobin. Treatment with two doses of MF normalized maiority of these changes in DMH-treated rats, whereas the drug was ineffective in rats without DMH treatment. The only exception was the decreased triglyceride levels in MF-treated rats. A 100 mg/kg dose of MF increased DMH-induced exophytic colon carcinomas and decreased endophytic tumors compared with untreated rats. Moreover, both MF doses increased DMH-induced and highly differentiated tumors and decreased the invasiveness of colon carcinomas compared with rats provided with DMH and water. Therefore, effects of MF on metabolic homeostasis are critical for preventing colon cancer.

Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of 2-Amino-6-Cyclopropylamino-9-(2,3 -Dideoxy-β-D-glyceropent-2-enofuranosyl) Purine (Cyclo-D4G) in Rats

AimTo characterize the pharmacokinetics of 2 -amino-6-cyclopropylamino-9-(2,3-dideoxy-β-D-glyceropent-2-enofuran osyl) purine (Cyclo-D4G) following intravenous administration and oral administ ration to rats. MethodsThe concentrations of Cyclo-D4G in rat (Sprague-Dawley male rats) plasma and urine were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). ResultsFollowing intravenous adm inistration to rats, concentrations of Cyclo-D4G in plasma declined with a term inal phase half-life of 0 78±0 14 h (±s). Total clearance was 0 90±0 21 L·h -1 ·kg -1 . Renal excretion of unchanged Cyclo-D4G accounted for approximately 20% of total clearance. Steady state volume of distr ibution was 0 91±0 07 L·kg -1 . After oral administration to rats, conce ntrations of Cyclo-D4G in plasma declined with a terminal phase half-life of 0 83±0 13 h (±s). Total clearance was 3 81±2 03 L·h -1 ·kg -1 . Renal excretion of unchanged Cyclo-D4G accounted for approximat ely 9% of total clearance. Oral bioavailability of Cyclo-D4G in rat was 26 9%. ConclusionThe favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and lower to xicity provide support for further development of Cyclo-D4G clinical trials.

Pharmacokinetics and tissue behavior of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in turbot Scophthalmus maximus at two water temperatures

Turbot Scophthalmus maximus, an important aquaculture species in China, currently suffers from epizootic diseases because of high density aquaculture. Enrofloxacin has been used to treat various systemic bacterial fish infections. However, studies concerning the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in turbot are limited. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin, were investigated in the turbot following intravenous and oral administration at 10 mg enrofloxacin/kg body weight, at 16℃ and 10℃ water temperatures. The concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the main tissues （plasma, muscle, liver and kidney） were detected by HPLC. The results show that the plasma concentration-time data for enrofloxacin were best described as a two-compartment open model after intravenous and oral administration. Three pharmacokinetic equations were established between the concentrations and temperatures. The kinetic profile of enrofloxacin was temperature dependent. The absorption half-life of enrofloxacin was 1.99 h and 2.17 h after oral administration, whereas the elimination half-life of the drug was 98.63 h and 136.59 h at 16℃ and 10℃, respectively. The peak concentration of enrofloxacin in plasma and tissues was higher at 16℃ than that at 10℃, and the peak plasma concentration time in the liver was the shortest at both temperatures among those of other tissues. The plasma ℃/MIC ratio varied between 11.08 and 5 540.00 at 16℃; and between 7.92 and 3 960.00 at 10℃. The AUC/MIC ratio was 467.82-280 690.00 at 16℃, and 359.48-215 690.00 at 10℃. These ratios indicate that it is possible to obtain therapeutic efficacy. Very low levels of ciprofloxacin were detected. The AUC ratios of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin in plasma suggest that plasma ciprofloxacin might play a minor role in enrofloxacin treatment for turbot.

Urinary Profiles of Soy Isoflavone Metabolites in Women,Female Piglets and Female Rats Consuming Soy Diet

Objective: To investigate the urinary soy isoflavone metabolites from women, female piglets and rats fed with diet containing soy protein. Methods: Urinary samples from human and animals were collected after soy diet consumption. Identification for soy isoflavone metabolites in urine samples was processed using an Agilent Bruker LC Esquire ion trap system. Quantification of aglycone and conjugated soy isoflavone metabolites were also analyzed using a method published previously. Results: Identification studies showed that aglycones and conjugates of soy isoflavone metabolites were found in women and porcine samples. Interestingly, glucuronide conjugate of equol, besides glucuronide conjugates of genistein and daidzein, were found in rat urine. Glucuronide conjugate of equol was the major metabolite found in rat urine. A quantitative study showed that conjugated forms of isoflavones were more than 90% in woman urine, were between 80.5% and 84.5% in female porcine urine, and were less than 50% in female rat urine. Conclusion: Equol is the major metabolite found in female rat urine, but it is not found in woman or female porcine urine. Urinary profiles show that porcine model is more appropriate for mimicking human soy diet consuming studies.

Multiple Strategies for Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for Efficient Production of Coenzyme Q_（10）

Escherichia coli BW25113 was metabolically engineered for CoQ10 production by replacing ispB with ddsA from Gluconobacter suboxydans.Effects of precursor balance and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate （NADPH） availability on CoQ10 production in E.coli were investigated.The knockout of pykFA along with pck overexpression could maintain a balance between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate,increasing CoQ10 production.Replacement of native NAD-dependent gapA with NADP-dependent gapC from Clostridium acetobutylicum,together with the overexpression of gapC,could increase NADPH availability and then enhanced CoQ10 production.Three effects,overexpressions of various genes in CoQ biosynthesis and central metabolism,different vectors and culture conditions on CoQ10 production in E.coli,were all investigated.The investigation of different vectors indicated that low copy number vector may be more beneficial for CoQ10 production in E.coli.The recombinant E.coli （△ispB：：ddsA,△pykFA and △gapA：：gapC）,harboring the two plasmids encoding pck,dxs,idi and ubiCA genes under the control of PT5 on pQE30,ispA,ddsA from Gluconobacter suboxydans and gapC from Clostridium acetobutylicum under the control of PBAD on pBAD33,could produce CoQ10 up to 3.24 mg·g-1 dry cell mass simply by changing medium from M9YG to SOB with phosphate salt and initial culture pH from 7.0 to 5.5.The yield is unprecedented and 1.33 times of the highest production so far in E.coli.

Effect of captopril on myocardial energy metabolism in chronic pressure overload rats

Objective To investigate the effects of captopril on cardiac function and levels of energy-rich phosphates in pressure overload induced left ventricular hypertrophy rats. Methods One hundred and twenty SD rats were randomly divided into three groups： sham operation group （SH group, n=40）,coarctation of abdominal aorta group （CAA group, n=40） and captopril treatment lmg~ 100g1 ~ d-1） group （CAP group, n=40）. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure （LVEDP）, left venh-icular mass index （LVMI）, levels of energy-rich phosphates and morphological changes of the myocardial mitochondria were compared at the 62 and 82 week after operation. Results At 62 week, in CAA group, LVMI and LVEDP were increased and _ dp/dtmax was decreased, while ATP and ADP were decreased and AMP was increased （P〈0.01）. These changes were much obvious at 8th week （P〈0.01）. Compared with those of CAA group, the parameters of heart function and energy-rich phosphates （ATP, ADP, AMP, TAN） in CAP group were improved significantly（P〈0.01） at the 6th and 8th week. In CAP group, the parameters of heart function and energy-rich phosphates （ADP, AMP, TAN） were much better at 8~ week than those at 6th week. The morphological change of mitochondria was less in CAP group than that in CAA group. Conclusion Captopril significantly improves myocardial energy metabolism in pressure overload rats and protects the function of myocardial mitochondria

Screening of marine fungus from Nanji Island and activity of their metabolites against pathogenic Vibrio from Pseudosciaena crocea

Seventy-eight marine fungal strains were isolated from sediment samples collected off the coast of Nanji Island, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Antibacterial screening using the agar disc method showed that 19 of the isolated strains could inhibit at least one pathogenic Vibrio from Pseudosciaena crocea. Subsequent screening confirmed that nine strains produced antibacterial metabolites that had activity against one or several types of pathogenic Vibrio. Strain NJ0104 had the widest antimicrobial spectrum and strong activity, particularly against Fibrio parahaemolyticus-MM0810072. A preliminary study of N J0104 antibacterial metabolites demonstrated that they had thermal stability up to 80℃, ultraviolet stability up to 40 min and pH stability between 4.0-7.0. In addition, the antibacterial metabolites were readily soluble in butanol. To identify the specific strain, the ITS-5.8S rDNA regions of NJ0104 were PCR amplified and sequenced. Based on the combination of phenotypic and genotypic data, the strain was identified as Arthrinium sp.

Metabolism of Praziquantel in Erythromycin, Acetylspi-ramycin and Dexamethasone Induced Rat Liver Micro-somes

Our results show that in liver microsomes from erythromycin,acetylspiramycin and dexamethsone pretreated rats,the rate of praziquantel( PQT)disappearence was increased as compared with control rat When microsomes from erythromycin-treated rats were exposed to PQT in the presence of potassium ferricyanide which broke down the cytochrome P-450 Fe(Ⅱ)-metabolite complexes and restored the functional cytochrome P-450,PQT metabolism was further increased. Acetylspiramycin did not form the complexes, so potassium ferricyanide showed no effect on the PQT metabolism in microsomes from acetylspiramycin-treated rats. Triacetyloleandomycin,a specific inhibitor of cytochrome P-450ⅢAI, inhibited PQT metabolism by 53% in liver microsomes from dexamethasone-treated rats.These results indicate the cytochrome P-450ⅢA seems to be involved in metabolism of PQT in rat liver microsomes.

EFFECT OF ELECTRO-SCALP ACUPUNCTURE ON GLUCOSE METABOLISM OF THE CEREBRAL REGIONS INVOLVING MENTAL ACTIVITY IN HEALTHY PEOPLE

Objective: To observe the effect of electro-scalp acupuncture on glucose metabolism of cerebral regions involving mental activity in healthy people. Methods: A total of 6 cases of volunteer healthy subjects (3 males and 3 females) ranging in age from 22 to 36 years were subjected to this study. Changes of cerebral glucose metabolism before and after electro-scalp acupuncture were observed by using positron emission tomography (PET) and semi-quantifying analysis method. Electro-scalp acupuncture stimulation (50 Hz, 2 mA) of Middle Line of Vertex (Ding zhongxian,顶中线,MS5), Middle Line of Forehead (Ezhongxian, 额中线,MS1) and bilateral Lateral Line 1 of Forehead (Epangyixian,额旁一线,MS2) was administered for 30 minutes. Then cerebral regions of interest (ROIs) were chosen and their average glucose metabolism levels (radioactivity of 18 fluorine deoxyglucose) were analyzed. Results: After administration of electro-scalp acupuncture, the glucose metabolism levels in bilateral frontal lobes and bilateral caudate nuclei, left cingulate gyrus and right cerebellum increased significantly in comparison with those of pre stimulation (P<0.05). Conclusion: Electro-scalp acupuncture of MSI, MS2 and MS5 can increase the glucose metabolism of certain cerebral regions involving mental activity in healthy subjects.

EXPLORING THE MECHANISM OF ACUPUNCTURE IN THE TREATMENT OF STROKE FROM CHANGES OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN THE CEREBRAL MOTOR CENTER

Objective: To observe the effect of acupuncture on cerebral glucose metabolism in stroke patients. Methods:Changes of cerebral glucose metabolism before and after acupuncture stimulation were observed in six cases of stroke patients by using positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. Elecrocacupuncture (EA,4 Hz, continuous waves and duration of 20 min) was applied to Baihui (百会 GV 20) and right Qubin (曲鬓 GB 7). 18 Fluorine deox yglucose (18FDG), a developer (radioactive form of glucose) for showing the levels of the brain functional activity was given to the patients intravenously. SPM software was used to deal with the data of each pixel point by unilateral t-test (Ts: P = 0.05), then, the regions showing increase/decrease of the glucose metabolism were obtained. Results: After acupuncture stimulation, significant increase of glucose metabolism was found to be in the first somatic motor cortical region (Ml), supplementary motor area (SMA), premotor area (PMC), and the superior parietal lobule (LPs) on the healthy side of the brain; while the decrease of glucose metabolism found in MI, PMC and LPs on the focus side. In addition to the cerebral regions related to the motor function, changes of glucose metabolism were also found in the parietal lobule and basal ganglion area, central parietal gyrus, superior parietal gyrus, putamen, cerebellum, etc. .Conclusion: Acupuncture of Qubin (GB 7) and Baihui (GV 20) can activate motor-related cerebral structures in the bilateral cerebral hemisphere and induce excitement reaction of the potentially correlative motor area so as to compensate or assist the injured motor area to play a role in improving motor function in stroke patients.

Rat Hepatocyte Glucose Metabolism Is Affected by Caloric Restriction but not by Litter Size Reduction

This work aimed at investigating whether the liver glucose metabolism could have a role in any change of glucose homeostasis that might exist in the reduced-litter rat at the age of 60 days. Additionally, post-weaning caloric restriction and its hepatic effects were explored, as this intervention is reported as a useful measure against obesity and its related disturbances. The animals were raised in litters of nine （control, CG） or three pups during lactation. These small-litter pups were FG （fed freely） or subjected to 30% RG （caloric restriction） after weaning until 60 days of age. The increased adiposity induced by lactational overfeeding was not reversed by caloric restriction. Hepatocyte glucose metabolism and glucose tolerance test were not affected by litter size, but caloric restriction increased liver basal glucose release, diminished gluconeogenesis and retarded the glycemic decay during the insulin tolerance test. Liver glucose metabolism of young adult rats was not affected by lactational overfeeding. Up to this age, however, moderate caloric restriction had a potent influence that might compromise whole-body glucose homeostasis and prompt to insulin resistance.

Metabonomic study of rats exposed to cigarette sidestream smoke

A metabonomic approach was undertaken in order to detect urinary endogenous and exogenous metabolites and to evaluate the effects of passive exposure to cigarette sidestream smoke on rats. Urinary samples from three groups of rats were determined including control rats, rats treated with blended cigarettes(nonmenthol cigarettes) and rats treated with menthol cigarettes. The total urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol(NNAL), total 1-hydroxypyrene(1-HOP) and 3-hydroxybenzo[a] pyrene(3-HOBaP) were determined for assessing exposure to cigarette sidestream smoke toxins. Urinary endogenous metabolites in the three groups of rats were also analyzed and the data were processed by chemometrics. Eleven endogenous metabolites were found and identified. Their relative levels were compared among the three groups. The results show that cigarette sidestream smoke has complex effect on rats. Blended cigarette group makes difference to menthol cigarette group in the rats' urinary metabolic changes. Menthol adding to cigarettes has positive and negative effects on rats, respectively. The urinary metabolic profiling of menthol cigarette group is closer to that of control group.

Molecular mechanism of carvedilol in attenuating the reversion to fetal energy metabolism during cardiac hypertrophy development

Objective: To explore the molecular regulation mechanism of carvedilol in attenuating the reversion back towards fetal energy metabolism during the development of cardiac hypertrophy induced by coarctation of abdominal aorta (CAA) in male Wistar rats. Methods: Hemodynamic and ventricular remodeling parameters, free fatty acid content in the serum were measured in the experimental animals at 16 weeks after the surgical CAA, the rats receiving carvedilol intervention (CAR) after CAA, and those with sham operation (SH). The expressions of muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferaseⅠ (M-CPTⅠ) and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) mRNA in the cardiac myocytes from every group were studied with RT-PCR. Results: Significant left ventricular hypertrophy were observed in the rats 16 weeks after coarctation operation (P<0.05), together with significant free fatty acids accumulation and downregulation of M-CPTⅠ and MCAD mRNA (P<0.05) in CAA group. Carvedilol at a dose of 30 mg/kg/d for 12 weeks inhibited the left ventricular hypertrophy induced by pressure overload and enhanced the gene expressions of rate-limiting enzyme (M-CPTⅠ) and key enzyme of fatty acid (MCAD) in the CAR group compared with CAA group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Pressure overload-induced hypertrophy in CAA rats causes the reversion back towards fetal enery metabolism, that is, downregulates the expressions of rate-limiting enzyme and key enzyme of fatty acid oxidation. The intervention therapy with carvedilol, a vasodilating alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist, attenuates the reversion of the metabolic gene expression to fetal type through upregulating M-CPTⅠ and MCAD mRNA expressions. Thus, carvedilol may exert cardioprotective effects on heart failure by the mechanism of preserving the adult metabolic gene regulation.

The effects of oral smokeless tobacco administration on endurance performance

Background： Smokeless tobacco is widely used by athletes to enhance performance. Nicotine is a central nervous system stimulant and acts on cardiocirculatory and metabolic systems, involving tissue blood flow and circulatory vasoreactivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the oral smokeless tobacco （Swedish snus （SS）） on the perception of fatigue and time to exhaustion （TTE） during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Methods： Fourteen healthy non-tobacco male users were recruited for a double-blind, controlled crossover design （SS vs. snus placebo （SP））. Subjects were tested for 3 sessions： experimental session 1 （Exp 1） consisted of an incremental test to determine the maximal aerobic power out-put （Wmax）, whereas Exp2 and Exp3 consisted of exercising at 65%Wmax until exhaustion in SS or SP conditions. During Exp2 and Exp3, muscle and cerebral oxygenation was assessed by means of near-infrared spectroscopy, and the rating of perceived exertion （RPE） was recorded. Results： Comparing SS with SP tests, significant differences （p 〈 0.05） were found in the values of cerebral （-3%） and muscular tissues oxygenation （-4%） in the first 30 min of exercise. The RPE values were not significantly different between the 2 conditions （SS vs. SP）. No significant difference was found in TTE （SS： 54.25 ± 21.84 min; SP： 50.01 ± 17.03 min）. Conclusion： This study showed that muscular and cerebral oxygenation increased significantly with snus administration during an endurance exercise until exhaustion, but this did not affect fatigue perception and TTE. The results showed that snus could not be considered an ergogenic substance in non-tobacco users.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.