The mechanisms by which oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes rid itself of Escherichia coli or faecal coliforms are still not clearly understood. This study sought to review the various means by which E. coli or faecal co...The mechanisms by which oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes rid itself of Escherichia coli or faecal coliforms are still not clearly understood. This study sought to review the various means by which E. coli or faecal coliforms are inactivated or removed in lakes. The review cited temperature, solar radiation, predation, starvation, attachment and sedimentation as key factors that aid the removal of E. coli in lakes. In eutrophic lakes additional factors such as the role of algal biomass may play a role due to increased pH and dissolved oxygen levels attributed to algal presence. Algal toxins or exudates may also play a role although this is still under debate. The interactive effect of two or more of these factors on E. coli inactivation and the relative importance of these mechanisms on E. coli removal are still not known. Areas for further research include the role of algae in sedimenting E. coli or faecal coliforms and the possible role of algal exudates on E. coli inactivation.展开更多
To evaluate circulating IL9 in inflammatory bowel disease and disease-associated anemia/cachexia and assess its potential as a mucosal healing marker.METHODSSerum IL9 as well as other cytokines (IL1β, IL6, IL13, IFN...To evaluate circulating IL9 in inflammatory bowel disease and disease-associated anemia/cachexia and assess its potential as a mucosal healing marker.METHODSSerum IL9 as well as other cytokines (IL1β, IL6, IL13, IFNγ, TNFα, and VEGF-A) were determined in 293 individuals: 97 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 74 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and in 122 apparently healthy controls. The clinical activity of CD and UC was expressed in terms of the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and the Mayo Scoring System (MDAI), respectively, and the severity of bowel inflammation in UC patients was assessed using Mayo endoscopic score. Cytokine concentrations were measured by a flow cytometry-based method using Luminex xMAP<sup>®</sup> technology. High-sensitive C-reactive protein concentrations (hsCRP) were determined in CD and UC patients using the enhanced immunoturbidimetric method.RESULTSSystemic IL9 was significantly lower in healthy individuals [9 pg/mL (95%CI: 8.2-10)] than in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): both inactive [14.3 pg/mL (11.9-19.9)] and active [27.6 pg/mL (24.5-32), P < 0.0001]. Cytokine concentrations were significantly higher in active CD [27.4 pg/mL (23.4-32.2)] and in active UC [32.7 pg/mL (27-38.9)] compared to inactive diseases [15.9 pg/mL (10.8-23.4) in CD and 19.4 pg/mL (13.9-27.1) in UC, P = 0.001]. IL9 correlated weakly with CDAI (ρ = 0.32, P = 0.003) and MDAI (ρ = 0.35, P = 0.002) and strongly with endoscopic inflammation in UC (ρ = 0.74, P < 0.0001). As a negative marker of mucosal healing (MH), IL9 had an accuracy superior to hsCRP and IL6 [97% (P < 0.0001), 67% (P = 0.071), and 55% (P = 0.525), respectively]. IL9 was significantly higher in cachectic IBD patients [30.25 pg/mL (24.4-37.5) vs 21.88 pg/mL (18-26.5), P = 0.026] and negatively correlated with hemoglobin concentrations (ρ = -0.27, P < 0.001). Multiple regression showed IL1β and IL13 to be the independent predictors of circulating IL9 in healthy individuals, IFNγ or IL6 in active and inactive UC, respectively, and IL13 and VEGF-A in both active and inactive CD.CONCLUSIONThe systemic IL9 level is higher in IBD and corresponds with endoscopic inflammation, suggesting its possible application as a negative marker of mucosal healing in UC.展开更多
In pursuit of more balanced regional development, China should base its regional policy during the period of the 12th Five-Year Plan on the principle of fairness, and tailor it to the specific characteristics of needy...In pursuit of more balanced regional development, China should base its regional policy during the period of the 12th Five-Year Plan on the principle of fairness, and tailor it to the specific characteristics of needy areas and development priority zones. The country ＂s master plan of developing the western region, revitalizing the northeast, supporting the rise of central China, and upgrading the east should continue.展开更多
This paper intends to perform an analysis of the academic production of the National University of Cordoba from the late 19th century to the middle of the 20th century that deals with the problem of the illegitimate, ...This paper intends to perform an analysis of the academic production of the National University of Cordoba from the late 19th century to the middle of the 20th century that deals with the problem of the illegitimate, abandoned, delinquent childhood, from a critical approach of the racism theory. One of the displacements this category underwent during the passed century is that it went beyond the field of race and it included women and young people. This aspect involves the discrimination of poor children that have been confined to the place of the ＂other＂. Racist characters can be traced in the discursive political practices that have created the category of childhood, being plausible to successfully perform this task by considering as the object of analysis of the theses and dissertations that discuss this subject matter in Cdrdoba. The paper will try to reconstruct the voices that, due to the sense of social belonging of the actors, refer to a certain class ideology. This provides a study of the constitution of the Argentine ruling elite, when the problem of social control, or the ＂social matter＂, was placed in the middle of all speculations. Analyzing both the characteristics of the discursive racism of the Argentine elite and the complex process of inferiorization of childhood that the discursive racism entails will allow to establish categories for an analysis of modern racism. In this way, elements to counteract the practices of domination will be presented. In order to do this, it is necessary to historicize them, reconstructing the discourses that support them and allow their continuity, since they persist in their functionality.展开更多
The decomposition of the environmental degradation cost in Benin Republic revealed that the agricultural activities are responsible of the greatest amount of this cost （76.1%）. This situation is strengthened by the ...The decomposition of the environmental degradation cost in Benin Republic revealed that the agricultural activities are responsible of the greatest amount of this cost （76.1%）. This situation is strengthened by the fallow periods shortening （and even suppression） in the southern Benin in general, because of demographic pressure. The promotion of some improved fallow technologies （IFT） was then launched some decades ago. This study focused on two IFT of high agro-ecological value, Mucuna pruriens and Acacia auriculiformis, in order to determine the influence of the farmers＇ wellbeing state on their farming systems in general, and on the adoption level of these two technologies in Godohou village （southern Benin）. The data analysis revealed that： There was no significant difference between the farmers＇ amount knowing the agronomic and ecological value of Mucuna pruriens and Acacia auriculiformis from a level of prosperity to another; Three wealth levels were distinguished： The poor class （Ayatonon class）, the less poor class （Metchivo-Houedeka class） and the non poor class （Hotonon class） which represented respectively 35.4%, 55.9% and 8.7%;The adoption rate of Mucuna and Acacia fallow was globally low in Godohou village （25.7%）, but this adoption rate was lesser in the poorest class than in all other classes. This trend was confirmed if we integrate a global agro-ecological analysis of the farming systems practiced by the farmers.展开更多
Education is rejuvenating the country, education is the talent in the country and rejuvenating the beginning. Popularization of higher education is thc ultimate goal in the development of the national education levcl,...Education is rejuvenating the country, education is the talent in the country and rejuvenating the beginning. Popularization of higher education is thc ultimate goal in the development of the national education levcl, to enhance the knowledge of the entire Chinese nation, the quality level is important. In recent years, the university has gone through college enrollment, fee system reform policy changes, the gross enrollment rate is 40% in 2015, exceeding the average level of middle income countries, is a big step forward on education in China. Along with the change in universities, the proportion of poor students has been expanded, and therefore the state has increased concern about the poor students in colleges and univcrsities. To prevent students drop out of school because of family difficulties, the use of government scholarships, grants in thc form of direct or indirect funding for poor students in colleges and universities. However, many problems still arise in College student poverty measures to implement the process, such as a lack of material poverty Branch precision, ＂the material poverty, spiritual poverty of light＂, the students lack credibility, etc. These problems lead to the expected results of poverty alleviation has not really achieved. This article will be poor college students, the poor student＇s current development summarized and analyzed from multiple levels of student poverty problems generated in the process.展开更多
Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of catgut embedding treatment on bilateral Zúsānlǐ（足三里ST 36） combined with Huangqi Ejiao decoction （黄芪阿胶汤） orally taken. Methods Patients with anemia due ...Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of catgut embedding treatment on bilateral Zúsānlǐ（足三里ST 36） combined with Huangqi Ejiao decoction （黄芪阿胶汤） orally taken. Methods Patients with anemia due to blood loss after major operation were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group. There were 30 cases in the control group which were treated by blood transfusion and 32 cases in the observation group which were treated by catgut embedding on bilateral Zúsānlǐ （足三里ST 36） after local anesthesia combined with oral administration of self-made Huangqi Ejiao decoction （黄芪阿胶汤）. The herbs included Huangqi （黄芪Radix Scutellariae Milk Veteh）10 g, Ejiao （阿胶Colla Corii Asini Donkey-hide Gelatin）10 g, Danggui （当归 Radix Angelicae Sinensin Chinese Angelica）10 g, Baizhu （白术 Radix A tractyloes Macrocephalae Large-headed Atractylodes） 10 g, Dangshen （ 党参 Radix Codonopsis Dangshen）20 g, Danshen （丹参 Salvia Miltiorrhiza Root of Red Rooted Salvia） 10 g, Honghua （ 红花 Carthamus Tinctorious Safflower） 10 g, Shudi （熟地 Rehmannia Glutinosa Prepared Rhizome of Rehmannia） 20 g, etc. After 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 15 d, 21 d, RBC, Hb, IgM, IgG were tested. Results In the control group, Hb and RBC count immediately went up in the beginning, that peaked on the 7^th day and kept gently after. While in the observation group, there was a minimal increase in Hb and RBC in the beginning, followed by a sharp increase during 15-21 d, and peaked on the 21^th day. There was a significant difference between the observation group and the control group（P〈0.05）. While, the level of IgM, IgG rose markedly in the observation group, with a significant difference between the two groups （P〈O. 01）. Conclusion Catgut embedding treatment on bilateral Zúsānlǐ （足三里 ST 36） combined with oral administration of Huangqi Ejiao decoction （黄芪阿胶汤） can improve anemia due to blood loss after operation, and likewise increase the level of IgM and IgG.展开更多
The lean blowout experiments of the combustion stability device A (multi-vortexes-dome model combustor) have been carried out at atmospheric pressure. Compared with the device B (single-vortex-dome model combustor), t...The lean blowout experiments of the combustion stability device A (multi-vortexes-dome model combustor) have been carried out at atmospheric pressure. Compared with the device B (single-vortex-dome model combustor), the experimental results show that the device A has a superior lean blowout performance when the combustor reference velocity is within the range from 3.50m/s to 5.59m/s ( while the liner reference velocity is between 3.84 and 6.13m/s), and this superiority will remain stable after the inlet air flow rate reaches a certain value. In order to analyze the phenomena and experimental results, the numerical simulation method is used, and the strain rate and the cold reflux impact are employed to further explain the reason that causes the difference between the two devices' lean blowout characteristics.展开更多
The distribution of the planktivorous basking shark Cetorhinus maximus is influenced by zooplankton abundance at small scales and temperature at medium scales in the North Atlantic. Here, we estimate the distribution ...The distribution of the planktivorous basking shark Cetorhinus maximus is influenced by zooplankton abundance at small scales and temperature at medium scales in the North Atlantic. Here, we estimate the distribution of basking sharks on South Atlantic continental shelves, and the relative importance of chlorophyll concentration, as a proxy for zooplankton abun- dance, and temperature in determining habitat suitability for basking sharks at large scales. We used maximum entropy （MaxEnt） and maximum likelihood （MaxLike） species distribution modelling to test three hypotheses： the distribution of basking sharks is determined by （1） temperature, （2） chlorophyll concentration, or （3） both chlorophyll and temperature, while considering other factors, such as oxygen and salinity. Off South America, basking shark habitat included subtropical, temperate and cool-temperate waters between approximately 20°S and 55°S. Off Africa, basking shark habitat was limited to cool-temperate waters off Namibia and southern South Africa. MaxLike models bad a better fit than MaxEnt models. The best model included minimum chlorophyll concentration, dissolved oxygen concentration, and sea surface temperature range, supporting hypothesis 3. However, of all variables included in the best model, minimum chlorophyll concentration had the highest influence on basking shark distribution. Unlike the North Atlantic distribution, the South Atlantic distribution of basking sharks includes subtropical and cool-temperate waters. This difference is explained by high minimum chlorophyll concentration off southern Brazil as compared to North Atlantic subtropical areas. Observations in other regions of the world support this conclusion. The highest habitat suitability for basking sharks is located close to nearshore areas that experience high anthropogenic impact [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 811-826, 2015].展开更多
文摘The mechanisms by which oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes rid itself of Escherichia coli or faecal coliforms are still not clearly understood. This study sought to review the various means by which E. coli or faecal coliforms are inactivated or removed in lakes. The review cited temperature, solar radiation, predation, starvation, attachment and sedimentation as key factors that aid the removal of E. coli in lakes. In eutrophic lakes additional factors such as the role of algal biomass may play a role due to increased pH and dissolved oxygen levels attributed to algal presence. Algal toxins or exudates may also play a role although this is still under debate. The interactive effect of two or more of these factors on E. coli inactivation and the relative importance of these mechanisms on E. coli removal are still not known. Areas for further research include the role of algae in sedimenting E. coli or faecal coliforms and the possible role of algal exudates on E. coli inactivation.
基金Supported by National Science Center,No.DEC-2011/01/D/NZ5/02835
文摘To evaluate circulating IL9 in inflammatory bowel disease and disease-associated anemia/cachexia and assess its potential as a mucosal healing marker.METHODSSerum IL9 as well as other cytokines (IL1β, IL6, IL13, IFNγ, TNFα, and VEGF-A) were determined in 293 individuals: 97 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 74 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and in 122 apparently healthy controls. The clinical activity of CD and UC was expressed in terms of the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and the Mayo Scoring System (MDAI), respectively, and the severity of bowel inflammation in UC patients was assessed using Mayo endoscopic score. Cytokine concentrations were measured by a flow cytometry-based method using Luminex xMAP<sup>®</sup> technology. High-sensitive C-reactive protein concentrations (hsCRP) were determined in CD and UC patients using the enhanced immunoturbidimetric method.RESULTSSystemic IL9 was significantly lower in healthy individuals [9 pg/mL (95%CI: 8.2-10)] than in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): both inactive [14.3 pg/mL (11.9-19.9)] and active [27.6 pg/mL (24.5-32), P < 0.0001]. Cytokine concentrations were significantly higher in active CD [27.4 pg/mL (23.4-32.2)] and in active UC [32.7 pg/mL (27-38.9)] compared to inactive diseases [15.9 pg/mL (10.8-23.4) in CD and 19.4 pg/mL (13.9-27.1) in UC, P = 0.001]. IL9 correlated weakly with CDAI (ρ = 0.32, P = 0.003) and MDAI (ρ = 0.35, P = 0.002) and strongly with endoscopic inflammation in UC (ρ = 0.74, P < 0.0001). As a negative marker of mucosal healing (MH), IL9 had an accuracy superior to hsCRP and IL6 [97% (P < 0.0001), 67% (P = 0.071), and 55% (P = 0.525), respectively]. IL9 was significantly higher in cachectic IBD patients [30.25 pg/mL (24.4-37.5) vs 21.88 pg/mL (18-26.5), P = 0.026] and negatively correlated with hemoglobin concentrations (ρ = -0.27, P < 0.001). Multiple regression showed IL1β and IL13 to be the independent predictors of circulating IL9 in healthy individuals, IFNγ or IL6 in active and inactive UC, respectively, and IL13 and VEGF-A in both active and inactive CD.CONCLUSIONThe systemic IL9 level is higher in IBD and corresponds with endoscopic inflammation, suggesting its possible application as a negative marker of mucosal healing in UC.
文摘In pursuit of more balanced regional development, China should base its regional policy during the period of the 12th Five-Year Plan on the principle of fairness, and tailor it to the specific characteristics of needy areas and development priority zones. The country ＂s master plan of developing the western region, revitalizing the northeast, supporting the rise of central China, and upgrading the east should continue.
文摘This paper intends to perform an analysis of the academic production of the National University of Cordoba from the late 19th century to the middle of the 20th century that deals with the problem of the illegitimate, abandoned, delinquent childhood, from a critical approach of the racism theory. One of the displacements this category underwent during the passed century is that it went beyond the field of race and it included women and young people. This aspect involves the discrimination of poor children that have been confined to the place of the ＂other＂. Racist characters can be traced in the discursive political practices that have created the category of childhood, being plausible to successfully perform this task by considering as the object of analysis of the theses and dissertations that discuss this subject matter in Cdrdoba. The paper will try to reconstruct the voices that, due to the sense of social belonging of the actors, refer to a certain class ideology. This provides a study of the constitution of the Argentine ruling elite, when the problem of social control, or the ＂social matter＂, was placed in the middle of all speculations. Analyzing both the characteristics of the discursive racism of the Argentine elite and the complex process of inferiorization of childhood that the discursive racism entails will allow to establish categories for an analysis of modern racism. In this way, elements to counteract the practices of domination will be presented. In order to do this, it is necessary to historicize them, reconstructing the discourses that support them and allow their continuity, since they persist in their functionality.
文摘The decomposition of the environmental degradation cost in Benin Republic revealed that the agricultural activities are responsible of the greatest amount of this cost （76.1%）. This situation is strengthened by the fallow periods shortening （and even suppression） in the southern Benin in general, because of demographic pressure. The promotion of some improved fallow technologies （IFT） was then launched some decades ago. This study focused on two IFT of high agro-ecological value, Mucuna pruriens and Acacia auriculiformis, in order to determine the influence of the farmers＇ wellbeing state on their farming systems in general, and on the adoption level of these two technologies in Godohou village （southern Benin）. The data analysis revealed that： There was no significant difference between the farmers＇ amount knowing the agronomic and ecological value of Mucuna pruriens and Acacia auriculiformis from a level of prosperity to another; Three wealth levels were distinguished： The poor class （Ayatonon class）, the less poor class （Metchivo-Houedeka class） and the non poor class （Hotonon class） which represented respectively 35.4%, 55.9% and 8.7%;The adoption rate of Mucuna and Acacia fallow was globally low in Godohou village （25.7%）, but this adoption rate was lesser in the poorest class than in all other classes. This trend was confirmed if we integrate a global agro-ecological analysis of the farming systems practiced by the farmers.
文摘Education is rejuvenating the country, education is the talent in the country and rejuvenating the beginning. Popularization of higher education is thc ultimate goal in the development of the national education levcl, to enhance the knowledge of the entire Chinese nation, the quality level is important. In recent years, the university has gone through college enrollment, fee system reform policy changes, the gross enrollment rate is 40% in 2015, exceeding the average level of middle income countries, is a big step forward on education in China. Along with the change in universities, the proportion of poor students has been expanded, and therefore the state has increased concern about the poor students in colleges and univcrsities. To prevent students drop out of school because of family difficulties, the use of government scholarships, grants in thc form of direct or indirect funding for poor students in colleges and universities. However, many problems still arise in College student poverty measures to implement the process, such as a lack of material poverty Branch precision, ＂the material poverty, spiritual poverty of light＂, the students lack credibility, etc. These problems lead to the expected results of poverty alleviation has not really achieved. This article will be poor college students, the poor student＇s current development summarized and analyzed from multiple levels of student poverty problems generated in the process.
基金Passed the evaluation of science and technology achievement by the Science and Technology Bureau of Dezhou City:No.55(2008)
文摘Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of catgut embedding treatment on bilateral Zúsānlǐ（足三里ST 36） combined with Huangqi Ejiao decoction （黄芪阿胶汤） orally taken. Methods Patients with anemia due to blood loss after major operation were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group. There were 30 cases in the control group which were treated by blood transfusion and 32 cases in the observation group which were treated by catgut embedding on bilateral Zúsānlǐ （足三里ST 36） after local anesthesia combined with oral administration of self-made Huangqi Ejiao decoction （黄芪阿胶汤）. The herbs included Huangqi （黄芪Radix Scutellariae Milk Veteh）10 g, Ejiao （阿胶Colla Corii Asini Donkey-hide Gelatin）10 g, Danggui （当归 Radix Angelicae Sinensin Chinese Angelica）10 g, Baizhu （白术 Radix A tractyloes Macrocephalae Large-headed Atractylodes） 10 g, Dangshen （ 党参 Radix Codonopsis Dangshen）20 g, Danshen （丹参 Salvia Miltiorrhiza Root of Red Rooted Salvia） 10 g, Honghua （ 红花 Carthamus Tinctorious Safflower） 10 g, Shudi （熟地 Rehmannia Glutinosa Prepared Rhizome of Rehmannia） 20 g, etc. After 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 15 d, 21 d, RBC, Hb, IgM, IgG were tested. Results In the control group, Hb and RBC count immediately went up in the beginning, that peaked on the 7^th day and kept gently after. While in the observation group, there was a minimal increase in Hb and RBC in the beginning, followed by a sharp increase during 15-21 d, and peaked on the 21^th day. There was a significant difference between the observation group and the control group（P〈0.05）. While, the level of IgM, IgG rose markedly in the observation group, with a significant difference between the two groups （P〈O. 01）. Conclusion Catgut embedding treatment on bilateral Zúsānlǐ （足三里 ST 36） combined with oral administration of Huangqi Ejiao decoction （黄芪阿胶汤） can improve anemia due to blood loss after operation, and likewise increase the level of IgM and IgG.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50876104)the Major State Basic Research Development Scheme of China (No. 2012CB720406)
文摘The lean blowout experiments of the combustion stability device A (multi-vortexes-dome model combustor) have been carried out at atmospheric pressure. Compared with the device B (single-vortex-dome model combustor), the experimental results show that the device A has a superior lean blowout performance when the combustor reference velocity is within the range from 3.50m/s to 5.59m/s ( while the liner reference velocity is between 3.84 and 6.13m/s), and this superiority will remain stable after the inlet air flow rate reaches a certain value. In order to analyze the phenomena and experimental results, the numerical simulation method is used, and the strain rate and the cold reflux impact are employed to further explain the reason that causes the difference between the two devices' lean blowout characteristics.
文摘The distribution of the planktivorous basking shark Cetorhinus maximus is influenced by zooplankton abundance at small scales and temperature at medium scales in the North Atlantic. Here, we estimate the distribution of basking sharks on South Atlantic continental shelves, and the relative importance of chlorophyll concentration, as a proxy for zooplankton abun- dance, and temperature in determining habitat suitability for basking sharks at large scales. We used maximum entropy （MaxEnt） and maximum likelihood （MaxLike） species distribution modelling to test three hypotheses： the distribution of basking sharks is determined by （1） temperature, （2） chlorophyll concentration, or （3） both chlorophyll and temperature, while considering other factors, such as oxygen and salinity. Off South America, basking shark habitat included subtropical, temperate and cool-temperate waters between approximately 20°S and 55°S. Off Africa, basking shark habitat was limited to cool-temperate waters off Namibia and southern South Africa. MaxLike models bad a better fit than MaxEnt models. The best model included minimum chlorophyll concentration, dissolved oxygen concentration, and sea surface temperature range, supporting hypothesis 3. However, of all variables included in the best model, minimum chlorophyll concentration had the highest influence on basking shark distribution. Unlike the North Atlantic distribution, the South Atlantic distribution of basking sharks includes subtropical and cool-temperate waters. This difference is explained by high minimum chlorophyll concentration off southern Brazil as compared to North Atlantic subtropical areas. Observations in other regions of the world support this conclusion. The highest habitat suitability for basking sharks is located close to nearshore areas that experience high anthropogenic impact [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 811-826, 2015].
