总辐射表灵敏度变化对观测质量的影响

总辐射表灵敏度变化对观测质量的影响姚文军（山东省莒县国家基准气候站，２７６５００）在进行太阳总辐射观测和辐射观测质量控制中，总辐射表（简称总表）灵敏度是一个重要的参数。如果不给以足够的重视，容易造成灵敏度的错误，从而对辐射资料的准确性产生较大的影响。...

太阳和太阳能的利用

本文从介绍大阳出发，讨论大阳辐射及太阳能的利用．

Effect of The Atmosphere on UVB Radiation Reaching The Earth's Surface:Dependence on Solar Zenith Angle

The atmosphere protects humans, plants, ani- mals, and microorganisms from damaging doses of ultra- violet-B （UVB） solar radiation （280-320 nm） because it modifies the UVB reaching the Earth＇s surface. This modification is a function of the solar radiation＇s path length through the atmosphere and the amount of each attenuator along the path length. The path length is deter- mined by solar zenith angle （SZA）. The present work ex- plains the dependence of hemispherical transmittance of UVB on SZA. The database used consists of five years of hourly UVB and global solar radiation measurements. From 2001 to 2005, the South Valley University （SVU） meteorological research station （26.20°N, 32.75°E） car- ried out these measurements on a horizontal surface. In addition, the corresponding extraterrestrial UVB （UVBe^d and broadband solar radiation （Gext） were estimated. Consequently, the hemispherical transmittance of UVB （KtuvB） and the hemispherical transmittance of global solar radiation （Kt） were estimated. Furthermore, the UVB redaction due to the atmosphere was evaluated. An analy- sis of the dependence between KtuvB and SZA at different ranges of Kt was performed. A functional dependence between KtuvB and SZA （KtuvB=-a（SZA）＋b） for very narrow Kt-ranges （width of ranges was 0.01） was devel- oped. The results are discussed, and the sensitivity of AKtuvB to △SZA for very narrow Kt-ranges was studied. It was found that the sensitivity of △KtUVB to ASZA slightly increases with increased Kt, which means KtuvB is sensi- tive to SZA as Kt increases. The maximum correlation （R） between KtuvB and SZA was equal to -0.83 for Kt= 0.76.

Identifying Global Monsoon Troughs and Global Atmospheric Centers of Action on a Pentad Scale

Using two datasets of global pentad grid precipitation and global 850 hPa geopotential height during 1979-2007,this study identified global monsoon troughs and global atmospheric centers of action (ACAs) on a pentad scale.The global monsoon troughs consist of planetary-scale monsoon troughs and peninsula-scale monsoon troughs.Forced by seasonal variations in solar radiation,the inter-tropical convergence zones (ITCZs) represent the planetary-scale monsoon troughs,which are active and shift over the tropical North Pacific,the tropical North Atlantic,and the tropical South Indian oceans.The peninsula-scale monsoon troughs are originated from regional land-sea topography and varied with contrasts in seasonal land-sea surface temperatures and precipitation.During the boreal summer,five peninsula-scale troughs and one planetary-scale trough are distributed in the Asia-Northwest Pacific (NWP) region.In total,22 troughs,nine monsoon troughs,and 19 ACAs in the lower troposphere were identified.Relevant ACAs may be useful in constructing regional monsoon and circulation indices.

Advances in the Study of Black Carbon Effects on Climate

Black carbon （BC） aerosols can strongly absorb solar radiation in very broad spectral wavebands, from the visible to the infrared. As a potential factor contributing to global warming, BC aerosols not only directly change the radiation balance of the earth-atmosphere system, but also indirectly affect global or regional climate by acting as cloud conden- sation nuclei or ice nuclei to alter cloud mierophysical properties. Here, recent progresses in the studies of radiative forcing due to BC and its climate effects are reviewed. The uncertainties in current researches are discussed and some suggestions are provided for future investigations.

Techniques to Reduce the Energy Consumption in Building in Hot Arid Rejoin （Iraq）

The Iraqi climate is extremely hot and arid zone covers a belt between latitude （29°N to 36°N）. The energy required for air conditioning of Iraqi buildings is about 60% of the entire energy consumption in buildings. This research deals with the possibility of using different technics for the reducing energy consumption in buildings by blocking or eliminates the effect of direct solar radiation in summer season. This study deals with different local insulation materials which were added to the south face of walls surface of Iraqi buildings, as well as built water spray system upon the exterior roof surface to minimize the effect of incident solar radiation upon the roofs and wall surfaces. The results showed that thermal conductivity of local insulation materials （papyrus） are very low, also the results showed that when using water spray roof system, gives good indication to use this method in hot arid rejoins.

Release of Mercury from Intertidal Sediment to Atmosphere in Summer and Winter

The release of mercury from intertidal sediment to atmosphere was studied based on the simulated experiment. The experiment samples were collected from the Haibo Estuary (S1) and the Licun Estuary (S2) of the Jiaozhou Bay in China,which are seriously polluted with mercury. The results show that the mercury in sediment releases rapidly to atmosphere under solar radiation. After 8 hours of solar radiation,mercury concentrations decrease from 5.62 μg/g and 2.92 μg/g to 2.34 μg/g and 1.39 μg/g in S1 and S2 sediments respectively in summer,and decrease from 5.62 μg/g and 2.92 μg/g to 4.58 μg/g and 2.13 μg/g respectively in winter. The mercury species in the sediment change markedly under solar radiation. The concentrations of mercury bound to organic matter decrease significantly from 2.73 μg/g to 0.31 μg/g in S1 and from 2.07 μg/g to 0.31 μg/g in S2,and the released mercury mainly comes from mercury bound to organic matter. Mercury flux shows distinguishing characteristic of diurnal change,and it increases rapidly in the morning with the rising of solar radiation intensity,but decreases in the afternoon. The mercury flux increases with sediment temperature and solar radiation intensity. The rapid release of mercury in intertidal sediment plays an important role in the regional mercury cycle.

Simulation of Solar Radiation Conditions in Coastal and Continental Areas by Using a New Algorithm

An algorithm developed at the University of Botswana is used to study solar radiation conditions in Namibia, South Africa, Mozambique and Botswana. The synoptic stations chosen for the study differ by meteorological conditions and location： some are in coastal areas and others are in continental locations. The simulation results reveal that daily direct beam solar radiation, Hbn, is usually higher in the continental area than in the coastal one. The same situation is observed with daily global solar radiation, Hg. The difference becomes even larger for partly cloudy weather, because in coastal areas sunshine hours are usually less than in continental areas. Furthermore, coastal areas have higher humidity and bigger air mass compared to continental locations. It is concluded that continental areas are more convenient for utilisation of solar energy using solar devices with concentrators （middle-temperature and high-temperature Rankine cycles）, while at coastal areas flat-plate collectors and PV-arrays are preferable. It is found out that the range of optimum slopes for SADC countries studied is from ＋30° to -62°.

我国气候资源的时空分布及其综合评价

我国气候资源的时空分布及其综合评价王郑华气候资源是指可供人类利用的、有利于人们生产、生活活动的气候条件，主要是由光、热、水等气候要素组成。一、光能资源的时空分布我国全年太阳辐射总量的分布具有显著的地域差异性，其基本规律是：西部多于东部；干燥地区多于湿...

地理课堂教学中的设疑置问

地理课堂教学中的设疑置问殷虎一。卷地毯“式设问。这是根据教材中知识点的顺序逐个设问、面面俱到的一种设疑方法如综合程序教学绘就是这种设问方式的具体体现。每课所授教材内容一般都根据知识点的多少编制相应的程序题。由于采取了设问的方式，吸引了学生的有意注意．...

圈层构造的形成与地表独特性质

地球是由具有不同的物理和化学性质的物质组成的同心圈层,分层性是地球构造的主要特征。 地球的同心圈层构造是如何分化而成的呢?数十亿年前,刚刚从太阳星云中分化出来的原始地球是一个冷的接近均质的球体、铁、镍和硅酸盐物质混杂在一起,没有明显的分层现象,更谈不上什么海洋和大气随着地球上温度的变化,地球的圈层分化过程出现了。 放射性元素衰变产生的能,在地球内部的积累。