Variation characteristics of stable isotopes in atmospheric precipitation in Adelaide,Australia

Background,aim,and scope Stable isotope in water could respond sensitively to the variation of environment and be reserved in different geological archives,although they are scarce in the environment.And the methods derived from the stable isotope composition of water have been widely applied in researches on hydrometeorology,weather diagnosis,and paleoclimate reconstruction,which help well for understanding the water-cycle processes in one region.Here,it is aimed to explore the temporal changes of stable isotopes in precipitation from Adelaide,Australia and determine the influencing factors at different timescales.Materials and methods Based on the isotopic data of daily precipitation over four years collected in Adelaide,Australia,the variation characteristics of dailyδD,δ^(18)O,and dexcess in precipitation and its relationship with meteorological elements were analyzed.Results The results demonstrated the local meteoric water line(LMWL)in Adelaide,wasδD=6.38×δ^(18)O+6.68,with a gradient less than 8.There is a significant negative correlation between dailyδ^(18)O and precipitation amount or relative humidity at daily timescales in both the whole year and wither/summerhalf year(p<0.001),but a significant positive correlation between dailyδ^(18)O and temperature in the whole year and the winter half-year(p<0.001).Discussion The correlation coefficients betweenδ^(18)O and daily mean temperature didn’t show a significant positive correlation,which may be attributed to that the precipitation in Adelaide area in January was mainly influenced by strong convective weather,and the stable isotope values in precipitation were significantly negative.Furthermore,this propose was also evidenced by the results from dexcess of precipitation with larger value in the winter half-year than that in the summer half-year,which may be resulted from the precipitation events in winter are mostly influenced by oceanic water vapor,while the sources of water vapor in summer precipitation events are more complicated and influenced by strong convective weather.On the other hand,the slope and intercept of theδ^(18)O—P regression lines in the summer months(-0.41 and 0.50‰)are larger and smaller than those in the winter months(-0.22 and-2.15‰),respectively,indicating that the precipitation stable isotopes have a relatively stronger rainout effect in the summer months than in the winter months.Besides,the measured values ofδ^(18)O in daily precipitation have a good linear relationship with our simulated values ofδ^(18)O,demonstrating the established regression model could provide a reliable simulation for theδ^(18)O values in daily precipitation in Adelaide area.It’s worth noting that the precipitation events with low precipitation amount,low relative humidity and high temperature,usually had relatively small slope and intercept of MWL,implying that raindrops may be strongly affected by sub-cloud secondary evaporation in the falling process.Conclusions The variation ofδ^(18)O in daily precipitation from Adelaide region was controlled by different factors at different timescales.And the water vapor sources and the meteorological conditions of precipitation events(such as the degree of sub-cloud secondary evaporation)also played an important role on the variation ofδ^(18)O.Recommendations and perspectives Stable isotope in daily precipitation can provide more accurate information about water-cycle and atmosphere circulation,it is therefore necessary to continue to collect and analyze daily-scale precipitation data over a longer time span.The results of this study will provide the basis for the fields of hydrometeorology,meteorological diagnosis and paleoclimate reconstruction in Adelaide,Australia.

United States and France： Imprisonment and Torture From the End of WWII to the Algerian War

Mistreatment and violation of international laws are recurrent events during Second World War （WWII） and torture is a frequent method used in the Algerian War. This paper investigates the escalation of violence which, in some cases, degenerates into torture and offers a comparison between the situation of Axis Prisoners of War （1943-1946） and the imprisonment’s conditions in Algeria （1954-1962）. In spite of the temporal interval and different political contexts, in some cases there’s a strange “continuity”.

Radicalizing Arab University Students： A Global Emerging Threat

The purpose of the study was to explore the factors mediating college students＇ radicalization. A sample of 1,116 students was drawn from four different Jordanian universities. The construct validity of the scale was estimated by calculating the correlation between the radicalization items and the negative emotion items. A positive significant relationship was found （0.12, a = 0.000）, a sign of validity of the scale. The scale reliability was also strong and was estimated at 0.90 using Cronbach Alpha. Factor analysis produced five factors explaining 45% of the total variance of radicalization. The first factor labeled ＂political radicalization＂ explained 18.5% of the variance, the second factor ＂religious radicalization＂ explained 12.7%, the third factor ＂violent radicalization＂ explained 6.4% of the variance, the fourth ＂group radicalization＂ accounted for 4%, and the fifth factor ＂social radicalization＂ only accounted for 3% of the total variance. Significant differences in student radicalization were found according to the geographical region of the university （North, Center and South）, F = 14, a = 0.000. However, no significant differences were found in radicalization as it relates to gender, and type of college （i.e., Humanities vs. Pure Sciences）.

Effect of Doxorubicin on Histomorphology of Liver of Wistar Albino Rats

Doxorubicin is associated with adverse effects on organs like liver. This study was done to find the effects of doxorubicin on liver of wistar albino rats. Sixty healthy wistar albino rats were taken for the study. The rats were randomly divided in to 4 groups （2 experimental groups; group AI and A2, and 2 control groups;group Bland B2 each containing 16 rats）. The experimental groups were given a single dose of doxorubicin i.e. 10 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally and sacrificed after 7 days and 14 days for each group. Rats under control groups were given a single intraperitoneal dose of 2.5 ml/kg body weight normal saline and sacrificed with their respective experimental groups. A significant difference （p 〈 0.001） and （p = 0.005） in final body weight was observed among group A1 experimental and BI control rats, and among group A2 experimental and B2 control rats. As compared to group B2 control, group A2 experimental rats had significantly （p = 0.043） lower liver weight. Diameter ofhepatocyte （p 〈 0.001 for both groups） and nucleus （p=0.004 for group A1 and control BI, and p 〈 0.001 for group A2 and control B2） was significantly higher in experimental rats as compared to their respective controls. Cross-sections of the liver of both control groups had normal architecture. However, there was progressive destruction of liver architecture across the experimental groups. Doxorubicin causes the disruption of normal architecture of liver in rats. Thus care needs to be taken during doxorubicin chemotherapy to minimize effects on river.

The Distribution and Variability of Simulated Chlorophyll Concentration over the Tropical Indian Ocean from Five CMIP5 Models

Performances of 5 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in simulating the chloro-phyll concentration over the tropical Indian Ocean are evaluated. Results show that these models are able to capture the dominant spatial distribution of observed chlorophyll concentration and reproduce the maximum chlorophyll concentration over the western part of the Arabian Sea, around the tip of the Indian subcontinent, and in the southeast tropical Indian Ocean. The seasonal evolution of chlorophyll concentration over these regions is also reproduced with significant amplitude diversity among models. All of 5 mod-els is able to simulate the interannual variability of chlorophyll concentration. The maximum interannual variation occurs at the same regions where the maximum climatological chlorophyll concentration is located. Further analysis also reveals that the Indian Ocean Dipole events have great impact on chlorophyll concentration in the tropical Indian Ocean. In the general successful simulation of chlorophyll concentration, most of the CMIP5 models present higher than normal chlorophyll concentration in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean.

Some Effective Techniques in Teaching and Learning English Idioms A Case Study of the Albanian Students of English as a Foreign Language

This paper deals with the importance of idioms in English as a Foreign Language （EFL） acquisition in general and the effect of three techniques applied in teaching and learning them by the undergraduate university students in particular. To accomplish this aim, the study firstly tried to investigate English students＇ attitude toward learning L2 idioms through a 10-item questionnaire. The second part of the study passed on two stages; a list of 20 unknown idioms was presented to 30 second-year EFL students who were divided into three groups. The first group of students was given the list of idioms with （L2） English definition; the second group was given the same list of idioms with their （L2） English contextual representation these unknown idioms were used, and the third group was given （LI） Albanian translation equivalent. At the second stage, after learning and revising the unknown idioms for a period of four weeks, the participants received a common test consisting of two types of exercises-multiple-choice and fill-in-the-blanks-to check the impact of three techniques used for the long-term retention of idioms： definition, context, and translation. The results of the survey showed that the third-group students performed better than the two other groups who were exposed to English idioms definition and context; i.e., translation was the most effective technique that helped students＇ retention and acquisition of idioms.

Motives of Arabic-Speaking Viewers for Watching English or Dubbed TV Programs

This research studies the motives that lead Arabic-speaking university students to watch television programs in English or dubbed in Arabic, and diagnoses the possible effects of these programs on these young people. A field study was conducted on a sample of viewers of the MBC2 and MBC4 Channels in the UAE. A questionnaire was used as a tool to cover a sample of the community comprised of 200 young people who attend various public and private universities in the UAE, aged generally between 18 and 30 years old. The applied study proves that there is no relationship between gender and audience preference, and that there is an independence of respondents＇ academic specialization and choice of channel. The study＇s results show that learning English is among the most important motives for the respondents to watch these programs and that 90% of respondents believe that watching foreign programs has negative effects on university youth.

Uses of Social Networking Sites and Satisfactions Achieved by Emirati Youth： A Field Study on a Sample of Sharjah University Students

The study, throughout the usage of Emirati youth for the social networking sites and satisfactions achieved, illustrated that the nature of those networks is considered a rapidly developing method of communication, which is accompanied by attempts to impose a number of short abbreviated vocabulary to be used among the youth. Since social networking sites represent one of the most significant tremendous development aspects of information technology, which reached its peak during the last decade, the researcher considered the importance of conducting this study in order to know the impact of social networking sites on the youth through Intemet, blogs and chat rooms, as well as attempting to confront them and making them aware of their importance in their daily lives. Accordingly, the study has focused on a random category of youth, whose ages are ranging between 17-21 years old of university students, as being the highest category of usage. Results revealed the following： A high percentage of Emirati youth 77.5% mentioned that they ＂always＂ use those sites; the percentage of males, who ＂always＂ use social media reached 38.5% while the percentage of females reached 61, since the meaningful value reached 0.05〉0.044, which indicated that WhatsApp, YouTube, Twitter and Facebook are the most commonly used social media by the study individuals. Most of the study individuals use the social networking sites daily 84%, and there are statistically significant differences between males and females in terms of the times of using social media. A high percentage of the Emirati youth uses Internet for more than three hours daily; especially in the evenings, and there are not statistically significant differences between males and females in terms of the most common periods in which social media are used, and the most common age groups of using social media from one year and more range between 17-20. ＂Home＂ is the most favorite place of using social media （85.40% mentioned that）. Most of the study individuals can make a balance between spending time on Internet and spending time with people outside the world of Internet. The percentage of those, who mentioned that social networking sites affected them positively, was higher than the percentage of the ones, who mentioned that the social media affected them negatively. Among the most prominent usages of social media by the Emirati youth are： staying informed about news and current events, while most of them focused on chatting, followed by sharing photos and images. Most of the sample of study mentioned that the youth are just readers, who comment on what is shared and posted on the social media. The most prominent motives of the Emirati youth for using social media are represented in obtaining information, and communicating with others, which came on top of the motives relevant to the usage of social media, followed by entertainment, education, followed by various motives, including routine etc. Some of the most significant satisfactions achieved through using the social networking sites by the Emirati youth are entertainment and spending leisure time with others.

Saudi Speakers＇ Perception of the English Bilabial Stops/b/and/p/

Languages differ in their phoneme inventories. Some phonemes exist in more than one language but others exist in relatively few languages. More specifically, English Language has some sounds that Arabic does not have and vice versa. This paper focuses on the perception of the English bilabial stops/b/and/p/in contrast to the perception of the English alveolar stops/t/and/d/by some Saudi linguists who have been speaking English for more than six years and who are currently in an English speaking country, Australia. This phenomenon of perception of the English bilabial stops/b/and/p/will be tested mainly by virtue of minimal pairs and other words that may better help to investigate this perception. The paper uses some minimal pairs in which the bilabial and alveolar stops occur initially and finally. Also, it uses some verbs that end with the suffix/-ed/, but this/-ed/suffix is pronounced [t] or [d] when preceded by /p/ or /b/ respectively. Notice that [t] and [d] are allophones of the English past tense morpheme/-ed/（for example, Fromkin, Rodman, ＆ Hyams, 2007）. The pronunciation of the suffix as It] and [d] works as a clue for the subjects to know the preceding bilabial sound.

Planning Sustainable Consumption and Quality of Life in the Baku City

The study of sustainable consumption （SC） and quality of life （QoL） in Baku City was undertaken as part of the Baku Strategic Plan prepared by the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University, and partially supported by the Society of Urbanists of Azerbaijan, Research Group. The key purpose of the research was to provide useful information for developing planning and design strategies that would foster sustainable urbanization through enhancing QoL and consumption, which was one of the most important principles of sustainable urbanization. Another purpose was to explore the impact of environmental, economic, social, physical, and health-related indicators on SC and QoL satisfaction among Baku residents. Ultimately, the research will provide recommendations which will further enhance the SC and QoL in Baku City at a number of levels, from empowering communities at a local level to participate in the evolution of their neighborhoods to influence institutional and corporate objectives and sustainability policies. The information collated will feed into the Baku Strategic Planning Process and help to determine developed strategies for urban development and urban regeneration.

Development of perianal ulcer as a result of acute fulminant amoebic colitis

We report a case of acute fulminant amoebic colitis that resulted in the development of a perianal ulcer in a 29-year-old Japanese homosexual man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The patient was admitted to our hospital with a persistent perianal abscess that was refractory to antibiotic therapy adminis-tered at another hospital. On admission, we observed a giant ulcer in the perianal region. At first, cytomega-lovirus colitis was suspected by blood investigations. Ganciclovir therapy was initiated; however, the patient developed necrosis of the skin around the anus during therapy. We only performed end-sigmoidostomy and necrotomy to avoid excessive surgical invasion. Histopathological examination of the surgical specimen revealed the presence of trophozoite amoebae, indicating a final diagnosis of acute fulminant amoebic colitis. The patient's postoperative course was favorable, and proctectomy of the residual rectum was performed 11 mo later. Amoebic colitis is one of the most severe complications affecting patients with AIDS. Particularly, acute fulminant amoebic colitis may result in a poor prognosis; therefore, staged surgical therapy as a lessinvasive procedure should be considered as one of the treatment options for these patients.

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression as a predictor of outcome in colorectal carcinoma

AIM:To correlate cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)expression profile with clinical and pathological variables to assess their prognostic/predictive value in colorectal carcinoma(CRC).METHODS:Archival tumor samples were analyzed using immunohistochemistry for COX-2 expression in 94 patients with CRC.Patients were diagnosed and treatedat the Departments of Surgery and Oncology,King Abdulaziz University Hospital,Saudi Arabia.RESULTS:Fifty-six percent of the tumors showed positive cytoplasmic COX-2 expression,whereas 44%of cases were completely COX-2-negative.There were no significant correlations between COX-2 expression and sex,age,grade or tumor location.However,COX-2 expression revealed a significant correlation with tumor stage(P=0.01)and distant metastasis(P=0.02),and a borderline association with lymph node involvement(P =0.07).Tumors with high COX-2 expression showed a higher recurrence rate than tumors with no expression(P<0.009).In univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analysis,there was a significant(P=0.026)difference in disease-free survival between COX-2-positive and negative tumors in favor of the latter.COX-2 expression did not significantly predict disease-specific survival,which was much shorter for COX-2-positive tumors.In multivariate(COX)models,COX-2 did not appear among the independent predictors of disease-free survival or disease-specific survival.CONCLUSION:COX-2 expression seems to provide useful prognostic information in CRC,while predicting the patients at high risk for recurrent disease.

Debris Flows Risk Analysis and Direct Loss Estimation:the Case Study of Valtellina di Tirano,Italy

andslide risk analysis is one of the primary studies providing essential instructions to the subsequent risk management process. The quantification of tangible and intangible potential losses is a critical step because it provides essential data upon which judgments can be made and policy can be formulated. This study aims at quantifying direct economic losses from debris flows at a medium scale in the study area in Italian Central Alps. Available hazard maps were the main inputs of this study. These maps were overlaid with information concerning elements at risk and their economic value. Then, a combination of both market and construction values was used to obtain estimates of future economic losses. As a result, two direct economic risk maps were prepared together with risk curves, useful to summarize expected monetary damage against the respective hazard probability. Afterwards, a qualitative risk map derived using a risk matrix officially provided by the set of laws issued by the regional government, was prepared. The results delimit areas of high economic as well as strategic importance which might be affected by debris flows in the future. Aside from limitations and inaccuracies inherently included in risk analysis process, identification of high risk areas allows local authorities to focus their attention on the “hot-spots”, where important consequences may arise and local （large） scale analysis needs to be performed with more precise cost-effectiveness ratio. The risk maps can be also used by the local authorities to increase population’s adaptive capacity in the disaster prevention process.

Utilization of low quality water of mountain reservoirs: a case study from Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Oman

Al Jabal al Akhdar(Green Mountain) in arid northern Oman has freshwater resources that had supported small communities for hundreds of years. Jabal Akhdar receives more rainfall(300-400 mm) when compared to the desert plains. In the last few years, this region had undergone enormous changes due to rapid development. The resident and transient populations have increased and their activities exert severe stress on the water resources. There are 24 retention reservoirs in the area, but most are eutrophic and the nutrient loading is due to input of animal fecal matter via surface run-off. As expected, these waters contaminated with coliform bacteria and some have pathogenic Escherichia coli. Drinking water needs of all the villages met by groundwater extraction. Because of poor quality, the surface water in the reservoirs is under-utilized. A low-cost lowmaintenance treatment system designed, constructed and operated in one village to clean the reservoir water for non-drinking human use. The treatment unit improved the water quality parameters. A survey among the adult male population of the village showed their eagerness to adopt this system and use the treated reservoir water for uses other than agriculture. Establishment of these treatment units in other villages should reduce the pressures on groundwater extraction.

A Variety of Cultures Represented in English Language Textbooks： A Critical Study at Saudi University

Textbooks material is one of the important issues that are worthy to investigate in order to enrich student＇s engagement and interaction in EFL （English as a Foreign Language） classrooms. In this study, the author argues that textbooks materials used in academic institutions may well take a significant part in generating an active environment in EEL classrooms. It is believed that more opportunities will be created for students to be more involved, active, and able to understand the content being addressed more effectively. Yet, by looking at the textbooks being utilised （at a university context where the author teaches）, one can notice that student＇s culture （Eastern） is to a large extent missing in these textbooks, most of these books instead represent dominantly ＂Western＂ culture namely American and British cultures. This can deafly be depicted by topics discussed, pictures, clothing, names, and many other issues portrayed in these textbooks. This study is an attempt to challenge and problematize such domination of Western cultures portrayed in the content of English textbooks used in academic institutions not merely within Saudi Arabia but also extended to other countries and nations in the world.

The Effect of Using L1 （Arabic Language） in the L2 （English Language） Classroom on the Achievement in General English of Foundation Year Students in King Abdulaziz University

This study aims at investigating the effect of using L 1 （Arabic Language） while teaching a target language （English Language） on the achievement in General English of foundation year students in King Abdulaziz University. To achieve the purpose of the study, the researcher used an experimental design： an experimental group and a control group. The independent variable is using L1 while teaching English in very limited and specified areas. The dependent variable is students＇ achievement in general English. The statistics used is the t-test. The population of the study was all students enrolled in the foundation year 1431/1432 in the ELI （English Language Institute） at King Abdulaziz University. The sample of the study consisted of 50 students taking North Star in the sections A and B as a university requirement in the foundation year 1431/1432 in King Abdulaziz University. The results of the study were in favor of banning Arabic in the English language classroom as shown in the mean scores of the control and experimental groups in the tables. It is recommended that teachers and instructors should be trained to use teaching strategies that help them use English only in the English language classroom.

A Structural Analysis of the Writing Errors Committed by Foundation Students at Arab Open University, Oman

English is considered as Arab students＇ second language which is not used frequently in their daily conversations. Since writing in English is a challenging experience for Omani students, errors in grammar and sentence structures were identified in bridging language courses （foundation level 2） in the field of ESL （English as a Second Language}. Learners＇ errors were considered positively as the best sources to identify students＇ limitations in English writing. The present study investigates the structure errors of Omani students＇ writings in English in foundation level 2 at Arab Open University. The focal aim is to study the errors that Ornani students commit when they are using adjectives ＋ nouns, indefinite articles, and subordinate conjunction ＂because＂. Results show that Omani students committed the following common errors： misplacement of adjectives, omission of the indefinite articles, and wrong structure of the subordinate conjunction （because）. The prime aim of this study is to examine the students＇ aforementioned structural errors which are the result of the interference of their mother-tongue. In order to achieve these aims, students were asked to write two different topics. Finally, this research suggests further recommendations for further studies which might ameliorate students＇ learning by adopting appropriate strategies for teaching.

Antibiotic Activity of the Essential Oil of Laurel （Laurus nobilis L,） on Eight Bacterial Strains

The recent studies unveil more and more therapeutic properties of the essential oil of Bay leaf （Laurus nobilis L.）. The aim of this study is to determine the chromatographic profile of the essential oil of Bay leaf cultivated under the climatic conditions of the Algerian East and to test its antibiotic activity, against 8 bacterial strains （Escherichia coil, Serratia sp., Proteus sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus D, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii）, by using different concentrations. The GC/MS analysis showed that the essential oil is rich in eucalyptol （35.31%）, [3 linalool （22.52%）, eugenol methyl ether （9.17%）, camphene （7.37%） and 3 carene （5.39%）. The antibiotic activity of the essential oil was determined by the diffusion on agar method. Measuring diameters of inhibition method of Vincent [1] indicated that bacterial strains which are very sensitive to even very diluted essential oil are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus D, Serratia sp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Acinetobacter baumanii exhibit less sensitivity and Proteus sp. is especially sensitive to the pure oil. Laurus nobilis L. is a Mediterranean endemic that presents an interesting antibacterial activity and its culture should be encouraged and expanded in Algeria.

A Contemporary Turkish Composer： Mete Sakplnar

Mete Sakpmar, who was born in Ankara, May 5, 1954, is a contemporary Turkish composer. His compositions were played in various countries like Turkey, France （1980-1983）, Canada, Australia, Sweden, Norway, Hungary, Albania, Belgium, Holland, and German, and he also joined lots of seminars, radio, and television programs. His inspirational sources are traditional Turkish music, modern French music, American cultural traditions, as well as jazz, acoustic, and electronic music. His music, in summary, is about taking a little from tonality, twelve-note system, coincidences, improvisations, etc., and joining them with his own experiences like emotions, knowledge, and intelligence. Sakpmar always defends that the composer of the day has to benefit from lots of various sources. He is doing this as well as trying new forms in every new piece. It does not matter if these are tonal, atonal, serial, or modal but it must be personal. All the borders and capacities of the instruments have to be forced.

A Feasibility Study for New Transport Connections between Italy and Algeria

The present study is part of the Executive Scientific Project 2 in the ItalMed Project which aims to elaborate a feasibility study for new transport connections between Italy and Algeria. The main objectives of the study are to increase the degree of economic integration between the two countries and improve commercial exchanges and direct investments in Algeria by Italian private companies. Moreover, the study tries to promote Italy＇s role as logistic platform for Mediterranean Countries along the east-west and north-south corridors and to improve the capacity of Italian regions to manage international cooperation programs on transport and logistics, finally, to support regional entrepreneurship in the foreign services sector.