闽粤台琼海岸大震构造的定量标志——兼论定性标志

本文论述闽粤台琼海岸大震区的莫霍面隆起幅度、第四纪抬升幅度和晚全新世海岸抬升幅度为主的大震构造的定量标志,以及某些定性标志。另外,对地表隆起带的定量标志研究方法作了简要地叙述。我国台湾是世界著名的新构造带和大震区.福建、广东和海南各有一个海岸大震区。这些大震区海岸必然遗留下许多地壳活动的遗迹。其中海岸活动遗迹,由于海平面作标志面,则可确定某一个时期的海岸升降幅度,甚至正反向的升降周期和升降速率。

华南全新世高海滩岩与海岸大震构造

笔者在世界上首次发现的华南海岸全新世高海滩岩中，又发现了海滩岩断代序列模式及其中蕴藏的重大科学信息。本文重点讨论高海滩岩与闽粤琼大震、大震构造与地震周期序列的关系，以及大震构造的定量标志。此外，继发现２５０年左右阶段的海岸升降年垂直活动速率后，又发现了５０年左右阶段的年活动速率。

华北渤海湾盆地大震的构造特征

渤海湾盆地是地震活动强烈的地区,记载有7级以上大地震6次。前人对几次大震的具体构造条件已做过大量研究。笔者基于已有的工作,通过对盆地构造发育早第三纪断陷和晚第三纪以来拗陷两个阶段的不同构造属性和区域地震构造格局的分析,以及大震区构造的剖析,综合研究了大震的构造特征。其中最根本的是,盆地发育的断陷阶段因北西—南东向水平拉张作用,于地壳上部形成了由北北东—北东向太行山山前断裂带等大型拆离断裂拉张滑脱控制的伸展断裂系统;拗陷阶段受北东东—南西西向水平挤压,正发育着一套地壳共轭剪切破裂系统。前者与地震关系不大,后者对地震孕育和发生有着重要的控制作用。

华北渤海湾盆地区大震发震构造的基本特征

发震构造是地震地质研究的核心内容。渤海湾盆地是华北地震活动强烈的地区,记载有7级以上大震6次。1966年邢台7.2级地震后,许多研究者认为该区大震的发震构造是新生代发育的正断裂及其控制的断陷盆地,但1986年有人提出断陷盆地之下的高角度深断裂是发震构造的新看法。根据多年来盆地构造和地震构造研究的大量成果,通过对渤海湾盆地古近纪断陷与中新世中期(12～10MaBP)以来新构造发育2个阶段的构造几何学特征和构造属性,以及其动力条件的对比分析,並结合大震区构造的剖析,较系统地阐述发震构造。其中最根本的是,渤海湾盆地不同构造阶段具有不同的动力条件,形成不同体制的构造系统。断陷阶段盆地区受NW-SE向拉张作用,在地壳上部形成由大量缓倾正断裂及其控制的断陷盆地组成的伸展构造系统;新构造阶段在NEE至近EW向水平挤压作用下,正在发育1套由NE向右旋平移和NW向左旋平移的断裂组成的地壳共轭剪切破裂系统。前者是作为先存构造而存在的,后者对于前者既有叠加、改造,也有不受其控制,具有继承和新生的二重性,是控制地震孕育和发生的主要地质构造。

渤海及邻区3次7级以上地震的深部构造背景

对人工地震剖面结果进行综合分析和插值处理,得到了渤海及邻近区域的地壳厚度图,并结合其他地球物理结果,对1969年至1976年在渤海及邻区发生的3次7级以上大地震的深部构造背景提出了一些初步看法:渤海地区为一上地幔隆起中心,最薄处地壳厚度只有28km;同时,该地区也是高热流值中心、地壳垂直形变中心和居里面上隆中心;隆起区为一北北东向条带,与郯庐断裂位置相吻合;渤海、海城和唐山3个大地震均发生于该隆起区的边缘,可能与上地幔隆起作用所引起的应力场和热异常活动所引起的热应力场有关。

新疆哈密地区地震地质及地震活动性

通过对哈密地区几大活动断裂带、历史地震以及近 30年中、小地震活动性的分析 ,认为哈密地区同时受到南部印度—欧亚板块的碰撞作用与北部西伯利亚—蒙古地区地壳运动的影响 ,其构造运动兼具西部天山地区和北部西蒙古—阿尔泰地区构造运动的特点 ,即块体比较完整 ,只发育大断裂 ,大断裂之间的中、小断裂不很发育。这种特殊的地震地质和地球动力学环境 ,决定了哈密地区历史和现今地震活动的特点为 :大震复发周期长 ,低 b值 ,中。

The Seismicity and Seismological Work of Myanmar

In this report, the set up, responsibility and objectives of the seismological division of Myanmar are briefly presented. A general description of the seismotectonics and seismicity in Myanmar is given. The activities of the seismological division in monitoring earthquakes and in international cooperation are also described.

The Origin of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake Determined by the Analysis on the Active Longmenshan Nappe in Terms of Rockmass Mechanics

On 12 May 2008, the magnitude 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake occurred along the Longmen Shan nappe, Sichuan, China. This devastating earthquake led to a heavy death toll of greater than 80,000. The seismic origin of this earthquake is currently hotly debated. We suppose that it is a special type of intraplate earthquake called an active-nappe-type earthquake. Using a holistic methodology, incorporating rockmass structure cybernetics and Byerlee's law, we present a comprehensive study on the geological origin of macroseisms in the Longmen Shan area and the seismic origin of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Previous studies of neotectonic activity indicate that the Longmen Shan nappe moves at a rate of 1~3 mm/yr, due to horizontal compressive stress from the Tibetan Plateau. The difference between movement rates in the Bayankala block, Longmen Shan nappe and Sichuan Basin cause slow shear stress and strain accumulation in the Longmen Shan nappe. It is exhibited a relatively simple linear relations for the shear strength and the buried depth of the structural planes, and the detachment layer of the nappe has a higher shearing-sliding strength compared to the overlying fault planes and the underlying ductile shear belts, thus making it more prone to stick-slip deformation. Therefore, the detachment layer was the main section responsible for the Wenchuan earthquake. The initial rupture burst in the detachment layer under the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault, the rupture area nearly 1.4454 × 104 km2,encompassed the cross point of the Yingxiu and the Anxian-Guanxian faults with the detachment layer, then caused the Yingxiu-Beichuan and Anxian-Guanxian faults took an active part in this earthquake, so this earthquake might consist of three chain-like earthquake stages, totally increasing the duration of this earthquake an unusually large amount, to 120 s. The focal depth spanned range of 10-20km,consistent with the observed result of this focal depth by several agencies.

Research on Strong Earthquake Tendency on Active Tectonic Block Boundaries in the Chinese Mainland

Previous studies have shown that the active tectonic block boundaries in the Chinese mainland are the main belts and concentration areas of strong earthquakes occurring in the Chinese mainland.It is essential to carry out follow-up analysis of strong earthquake risk of active tectonic block boundaries.In this paper,we carry out the analysis on the tendency of strong earthquakes along each active tectonic block boundary from three aspects respectively,including the evolutionary characteristics of the Load/Unload Response Ratio time series,the probability method based on the log-normal distribution function,and variation of b value.The estimation of strong earthquake criticality on each active tectonic block boundary is done based on the evolutionary characteristics of the Load/Unload Response Ratio time series,the cumulative probability and conditional probability,and the decrease of the b value.Finally,according to the results of analyses on the above three aspects,the potential strong earthquake areas in the forthcoming 5 years in the Chinese mainland are discussed.

Tectonic Mechanism of the Suining(Ms5.0) Earthquake,Center of Sichuan Basin,China

On Jan.31 of 2010,the Suining earthquake occurred at Suining City whch is located the center of Sichuan Basin.It is unusual for the strong earthquake to occur at the center of Sichuan Basin with a stable geotectonic environment and a low-level historical seismicity.The macro-epicenter of the earthquake is located at Moxi town of Suining city,Sichuan province,China.The earthquake intensity of the epicenter area is degree VII,and the long axis of the isoseismal line trends in NE orientation.The Suining earthquake caused the collapse or destruction of 460 family houses.The earthquake focal mechanism solution and records of the near-field seismographic stations showed the earthquake occurred at the reverse fault at a depth 34 km.Based on the waveform and focal mechanism,we consider the Suning earthquake is triggered by the reverse fault and not by the gravitational collapse or man-made explosive sources.Basing on seismic refraction profile and borehole,we consider that the earthquake is triggered by the backthrust fault of Moxi anticline rooted in detachments at a depth 3-4 km.Furthermore,we infer that tectonic mechanism of the Suining(Ms5.0) Earthquake is driven by the horizontal crustal shortening and stress adjustment on a shallow detachment after the Wenchuan(Ms 8.0) earthquake.

Review on Deep Geophysical Exploration and Research in China

The status of deep geophysical exploration and research in China is summarized in this paper. New achievements in the study of the velocity structure, seismotectonics and geodynamics of the crust and upper mantle are also briefly described.

Seismotectonic Model for 1966 Xingtai Earthquake Swarm—— Nucleation of Newly Generated Fault or Friction Stick-slip Along a Preexisting Active Fault

Shallow seismic profiling in meizoseismal area of Xingtai earthquakes, phase division of Cenozoic movement of deep and shallow structures, analysis of characteristics of crustal and upper mantle structure, and comparative study on parameters of seismic sources indicate that the listric faults controlling the development of early Tertiary basin-range structure and eastward gently-dipping detachment below it in the Xingtai epicentral area are not related to the occurrence of Xingtai earthquakes. The Xingtai earthquake swarm is a product of three-dimensional fracture process in which the discontinuous "deep faults", separated by NW-trending faults or by transverse barriers, successively tore, fractured, and propagated upward and, hence, caused the stress between the adjacent deep faults to migrate and load under the action of latest tectonic stress field. The Xingtai seismogenic fault represents a " newly generated fault" resulted from the upward tearing and propagation of the preexisting crustal " deep fault".

Seismic Network, Seismic Activity and Seismological Research of Vietnam

In this paper, a historical review of the seismic network of Vietnam and the ability of the network to monitor earthquakes is presented. The seismic activity of Vietnam as a country of high seismicity in the last century and since the beginning of the new century is described. The current state of seismological research in Vietnam and cooperation with institutions outside of Vietnam is outlined.

Some thoughts on seismotectonics of major earthquake occurrence zones in China

A major earthquake occurrence zone means a place where M ≥6 events have occurred since the Holocene and similar shocks may happen again in the future. The dynamic context of the major earthquake occurrence zones in China is primarily associated with the NNE-directed push of the India plate, next with the westward subduction of the Pacific plate. The Chinese mainland is a grand mosaic structure of many crust blocks bounded by faults and sutures. When it is suffered from boundary stresses, deformation takes place along these faults or sutures while the block interiors remain relatively stable or intact. Since the Quaternary, for example, left slip on the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone in southwestern China has produced a number of fault-depression basins in extensional areas during periods Q1 and Q2. In the Q3, the change of stress orientation and enhancement of tectonic movement made faults of varied trends link each other, and continued to be active till present day, producing active fanlt zones in this region. Usually major earthquakes occur at some special locations on these active fault zones. During these events, in the epicenter areas experience intensive deformation character- ized by large-amplitude rise and fall of neighboring sections, generation of horst-graben systems and dammed rivers. The studies on palaeoearthquakes suggest that major shocks of close magnitudes often repeated for several times at a same place. By comparison of the Chi-Chi, Taiwan event in 1999 and Yuza, Yunnan event in 1955, including contours of accelerations and intensities, destruction of buildings, and in contrast to the Xigeda formation in southwestern China, a sandwich model is established to account for the mechanism of deformation caused by major earthquakes. This model consists of three layers, i.e. the two walls of a fault and the ruptured zone intercalated between them. This ruptured zone is just the loci where stress is built up and released, and serves as a channel for seismic waves.

Seismic Monitoring Network and Seismic Activities in Thailand

The details of seismic monitoring network and seismological work in Thailand, including some information on felt earthquakes that occurred from 2000 to August 2001, are reported here.

Base Isolation Seismic Retrofit of a Hospital Building in Italy

The paper deals on a significant retrofit project currently under construction of an existing hospital building in Avellino （Italy）. The seismic retrofit was realized by connecting together the first floors of the three existing structures and by creating a unique isolation system composed of high damping rubber bearings and sliding devices. The base isolation is achieved by gradually cutting the building from foundation and installing the isolators at the level of upper edge of the columns. The study allows the verification of the adequacy of the isolation system, showing the benefits of the application of the isolation devices, the limitations and the characteristics of their performance.

A Review on Research of Foreshocks

This paper briefly introduces the current research progress in the field of foreshocks,both in China and abroad,and contrasts the common characteristics and the mechanisms of foreshocks of the sequence under the definition of different conditions of foreshocks. The main recognition methods of foreshocks are briefly reviewed,and their characteristics and existing problems are reviewed and discussed. Foreshocks are small earthquakes that occur before the mainshock and adjacent to the main source location. A foreshock sequence is constituted of a series of foreshock activities that occur before the mainshock. The proportion of earthquake cases includes direct foreshocks ranging from 10% - 40% at different defined conditions of foreshocks. Theoretically,cascade model or pre-slid model can explain foreshocks. Foreshocks are mainly concentrated in the range of 10km -75 km of the mainshock,but their time distribution form is very complicated,mostly prior to the mainshock from 1 or 2 days,the seismicity rate of part of foreshock sequences shows significant acceleration features,but many foreshock sequences often show the attenuation characteristics of mainshock-aftershock sequences. The most prominent feature of foreshocks is a focal consistent mechanism and low b-value of earthquakes of the earthquake sequence. Foreshocks seems to have a certain relationship with tectonic environment and the rupture form of the mainshock,in limited foreshocks earthquake cases,the dip-thrusting earthquakes seem to have relatively more foreshocks. The results of some of the earthquake cases show that the focal depth of foreshocks gradually moved downward with the mainshock approaching. So far,it is difficult to determine whether an earthquake or an earthquake sequence is a foreshock or foreshock sequence before the mainshock. The identification methods of foreshocks mainly include a statistical method of analogy,focal consistent mechanism and related derivative method,the fine detection of the earthquake nucleation process. From a few existing studies of earthquake cases,in spite of earthquake temporal clusters and focal consistent mechanism being the most significant features of foreshock sequence,there were not sufficient conditions for judging a foreshock sequence. Because the rupture rate of expansion and sliding displacement have a tendency to increase faster with time,the method of fine detection of the earthquake nucleation process is expected to play a more important role in the identification of foreshocks,but it needs more earthquake examples to be verified.

The Focal Mechanism Solutions of the M_S 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan on May 12,2008 and Some of Its Aftershocks

The focal mechanism solutions of the Wenchuan earthquake （Ms8.0） of May 12, 2008 and some of its aftershocks occurring up to December I0, 2008 are determined with lower semisphere of equal-projection and first motion sign data of P waves from regional and distant stations. The focal mechanism solutions of the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake are： Nodal plane I：strike 5°, dip angle 48°, slip angle 39°; Nodal plane II： strike 247°, dip angle 62°, slip angle 131°; P axis azimuth 309°, plunge 8°, T axis azimuth 208°, plunge 54°, B axis azimuth 44°, plunge 35% Combining geological tectonics and spatial distribution of aftershocks, nodal plane II can be identified as a seismogenic fault. According to focal mechanism solutions, the fault activity that triggered the huge earthquake is reverse thrusting. The main rupture surface is S67°W, basically identical to the fault strike on which the earthquake occurred. The main compression stress P axis is N51°W, which is basically the same as the direction of the regional tectonic stress field. According to the results of focal mechanism solutions of aftershocks, the aftershocks occurring in the southern and northern sections of the Longmenshan fault zone have predominant orientations and are obviously different. For the main shock and the early aftershocks occurring on the southern section of the Longmenshan fault, the rupturing is mainly characterized by reverse-dip slip with some strike-slip, and over time, the aftershocks migrated towards the northern section. The rupturing in the source is mainly characterized by strike-slip with some reverse-dip slips. The stress field is controlled by the main shock stress field in the southern section of the Longmenshan tectonic zone, while it is controlled by the main shock stress field and regional stress field in the northern section of the Longmenshan tectonic zone.

Crustal and upper mantle structure and deep tectonic genesis of large earthquakes in North China

From the 1960 s to 1970 s, North China has been hit by a series of large earthquakes. During the past half century,geophysicists have carried out numerous surveys of the crustal and upper mantle structure, and associated studies in North China.They have made significant progress on several key issues in the geosciences, such as the crustal and upper mantle structure and the seismogenic environment of strong earthquakes. Deep seismic profiling results indicate a complex tectonic setting in the strong earthquake areas of North China, where a listric normal fault and a low-angle detachment in the upper crust coexist with a high-angle deep fault passing through the lower crust to the Moho beneath the hypocenter. Seismic tomography images reveal that most of the large earthquakes occurred in the transition between the high-and low-velocity zones, and the Tangshan earthquake area is characterized by a low-velocity anomaly in the middle-lower crust. Comprehensive analysis of geophysical data identified that the deep seismogenic environment in the North China extensional tectonic region is generally characterized by a low-velocity anomalous belt beneath the hypocenter, inconsistency of the deep and shallow structures in the crust, a steep crustalal-scale fault,relative lower velocities in the uppermost mantle, and local Moho uplift, etc. This indicates that the lithospheric structure of North China has strong heterogeneities. Geologically, the North China region had been a stable craton named the North China Craton or in brief the NCC, containing crustal rocks as old as ～3.8 Ga. The present-day strong seismic activity and the lower velocity of the lower crust in the NCC are much different from typical stable cratons around the world. These findings provide significant evidence for the destruction of the NCC. Although deep seismic profiling and seismic tomography have greatly enhanced knowledge about the deep-seated structure and seismogenic environment, some fundamental issues still remain and require further work.

The crustal structures of the central Longmenshan along and its margins as related to the seismotectonics of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

In 2010,a 500-km-long wide-angle reflection/refraction seismic profile was completed,running northwest from the central Sichuan Basin.This profile orthogonally crosses the meizoseismal area of great Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008,which occurred in the central part of the Longmenshan.The profile also passes through the northwestern Sichuan Plateau,along which a new deep seismic sounding observation system was set up that was much improved over previous datasets and enabled abundant observations to be recorded.Seismic wave phase records that reflect the structural characteristics of different tectonic blocks,especially the complicated phase features associated with the Wenchuan earthquake,were calculated and analyzed in detail.A 2D crustal P-wave velocity model for the orogenic belt in the central Longmenshan and its margins was determined,and crustal structure differences between the stable Sichuan Basin and the thickened northwestern Sichuan Plateau were characterized.Lithological variations within the upper and lower crust in the interior of the plateau,especially a great velocity decrease and plastic rheological properties associated with strong lithologic weakening in lower crust,were detected.From west to east in the lower crust beneath the orogenic belt lying between the Sichuan Basin and the northwestern Sichuan Plateau,a giant shovel-like upwelling is observed that dips gently in the lower part and at higher angles in the upper part;this is inferred to be related to the fault systems in the central Longmenshan.An upwelling in the upper-middle crust along the eastern margin of the orogenic belt is associated with steeply dipping thrusts that strongly uplift the upper crust and crystalline basement beneath a central fault system in the Longmenshan.The data,combined with an understanding of the regional tectonic stress field and previous geological results,enable a discussion of basin-and-range coupling,orogenic tectonics,the crustal fault system,and the seismogenic tectonic environment of the central Longmenshan along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.