灌顶对“天台学”与“涅槃学”的融通

作为智顗生前的助手及其圆寂后的接班人,灌顶在天台宗发展史上举足轻重。可以说,天台宗创始于智顗,但却成熟于灌项,这有三方面的表现:他将智顗一生所宣讲的“天台学”整理结集成文字流传后世,使天台宗有了自己的文字经典;他为智顗集史作传,使天台宗有了自己的教主;他将还不太为人所熟悉的“天台学”与当时在社会上有广泛群众基础的“涅槃学”进行融通,引导大批“涅槃学”的信徒皈依于天台宗,使天台宗有了自己的组织体系。这最后一个方面体现了灌顶在佛学上的创新以及对智顗的超越,并最终使天台宗成为一个强有力的既有理论体系又拥有较多信徒的有组织的佛教宗派。

略论天台学对中国佛教各宗的思想影响

智大师首创五时八教、止观双修等学说,在继承印度佛学和融合儒道两派思想的基础上,创立具有明显中国特色的佛学思想体系的天台宗,后人尊为"天台学"。它对后起的中国佛教各宗均产生了深刻的思想影响。

天台学生态智慧管窥

当前生态危机的思想根源在于人们根深蒂固的人类中心论 ,从而导致对自然的无所顾忌的践踏和掠夺 ,而古老的天台学中则蕴含着疗治时蔽的丰富而深邃的“生态智慧” ,其“色心不二”的思想将人与自然置于亲密无间的关系之中 ,“十界互具”、“一念三千”学说揭示了作为有机的整体的世界的各部分之间的相摄相入 ,是对当今机械的、孤立的世界观的彻底否定 ,“中道实相”、“无情有性”理论赋予了自然以无上的内在价值。天台学的这些古老而珍贵的“生态智慧”值得当今的生态学和环境哲学好好加以思考和借鉴。

差异、比较与共生——天台学研究经验和未来世界哲学书写新方案

未来世界哲学会是什么形态,应该如何书写?这些问题值得深入探讨。在这方面,牟宗三、任博克等学者的天台学研究经验能够提供有益的启发与借鉴。系统总结这些学者的探索性经验之后可知,会通中西哲学、构建未来世界哲学,可从以下三个步骤进行。第一,自觉注意中西方文化的类型差异,对于自身所持立场有清晰之自觉认识,积极促进东西方文化的共生互补。第二,基于哲学上的后设反思,将本土化思想资源所蕴藏的精神话题进行普遍化的问题提炼。在这一过程中,从事中西方哲学研究的人士最好有自觉的比较哲学意识。第三,要有文明对话中的语言自觉意识,在哲学表达上注重区分自证与他证、独白与对话之间的差异。在这方面,可以从语言表达的公共性、对话性以及如实性等角度入手加以探讨,推动人类文明的交流互鉴。总之,未来世界哲学的殿堂不应该忽略佛教文化的价值。牟宗三、任博克等人的天台学研究经验非常富有开拓意义,中国传统的天台学亦非常具有思想价值,可以为未来世界哲学的书写新方案贡献自己独特的力量。

作为解经方法论的天台——论孤山智圆《心经》解中的“五重玄义”

本文以孤山智圆解释《般若心经》经题的方法'五重玄义'为考察中心,对比智顗《法华玄义》中对'五重玄义'的运用,探讨智圆解经方法的源流与特色。通过文献分析,本文认为:智圆将其从智顗和灌顶那里继承下来的解经方法,运用到《心经》的解经过程中,拓展了五重玄义作为诠释经义方法论的应用广度。同时,他还对五重玄义的具体内容进行了一定程度的整理和规范化,吸收唐以来新的理论成果,强化其实用性,对宗学传承做出了贡献。

论《童蒙止观》调息入静法对现今社会养生的价值

[目的]探析《童蒙止观》中调息的中医养生技巧,以期有利于社会人群。[方法]通过历史文献法解读分析《童蒙止观》中静坐调息之法,联系中医经典理论解读之,采用"述而不作"的方式,对相关书籍中所蕴含的养生思想和方法技巧深入探讨,分析作用原理和实践意义,并总结有利于现今社会养生的相关思想。[结果]《童蒙止观》调息入静法中详细记载了调息之相、调息之姿、调息之法,调息宜从身入息,身静息宁,身心相配。调息入静养生可安心神、顺气血、养五脏,进以治百病、开智慧。与中医的精气神养生等有着异曲同工之妙。[结论]从气息的方法入手调适身心,达到防病治病的目的并不多见,静坐调息之法既可以给人们养生实践带来一定指引,又可以为现代养生学的研究添上一笔之彩。调息法对人们常说的身心不适带来的亚健康有积极的治疗作用,防病治病也不失为一项良策,同时还可以补充天台学的养生研究领域,值得认真玩索。

QUALITY CONTROL OF SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR DATA AND RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND FOR A LANDING TYPHOON

The removal of noise and velocity ambiguity and retrieval and verification of horizontal wind field is a prerequisite to make the best and fullest use of Doppler radar measurements. This approach was applied to the Doppler radar data collected during August 2005 for a landing typhoon Matsa (0509) in Yantai, Shangdong Province, and the verified result shows that the quality control for this dataset was successful. The horizontal wind field was retrieved and then verified by studying the characteristics of the radar radial velocity and large-scale wind field and the vertical cross section of the radial velocity determined with the typhoon center as the circle center and comparing it with satellite imagery. The results show that the meso- and small-scale systems in Matsa and its horizontal and vertical structure could be clearly retrieved using the dataset collected by single Doppler radar, and a shear or a convergence was corresponding with a band of severe storm around Matsa. At the same time, the retrieved wind field from single Doppler radar is proved to be a reliable and high-resolution dataset in analyzing the inner meso-scale structure of Matsa. It is also proved that the method for removing the velocity ambiguity could be an effective approach for preliminary quality control of the Doppler radar data, and the VAP method could also be a reasonable solution for the analysis of mesoscale wind field.

CLIMATOLOGICAL VARIATION FEATURES OF TYPHOON PRECIPITATION INFLUENCING FUJIAN FOR THE PAST 46 YEARS

The results of an analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of typhoon precipitation influencing Fujian from 1960 to 2005 show that typhoon precipitation in Fujian province occurs from May to November, with the most in August. There has been a decreasing trend since 1960. Typhoon precipitation gradually decreases from the coastal region to the northwestern mainland of Fujian and the maximum typhoon precipitation occurs in the northeast and the south of Fujian. Typhoon torrential rain is one of the extreme rainfall events in Fujian. High frequencies of typhoon torrential rain occur in the coastal and southwest regions of the province. With the impact of Fujian＇s terrain, typhoon precipitation occurs more easily to the east of the mountains than to the west. Atmospheric circulation at 500 hPa over Asia and sea surface temperature anomalies of the equatorial eastern Pacific are analyzed, with the finding that they are closely connected with the anomaly of typhoon precipitation influencing Fujian, possibly mainly by modulating the northbound track of typhoons via changing the atmosphere circulation to lead to the anomaly of typhoon precipitation over the province

CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPHOON PRECIPITATION OVER CHINA

The spatio-temporal characteristics of typhoon precipitation over China are analyzed in this study. The results show that typhoon precipitation covers most of central-eastern China. Typhoon precipitation gradually decreases from the southeastern coastal regions to the northwestern mainland. The maximum annual typhoon precipitation exceeds 700 mm in central-eastern Taiwan and part of Hainan, while the minimum annual typhoon precipitation occurs in parts of Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Sichuan, with values less than 10 mm. Generally, typhoons produce precipitation over China during April - December with a peak in August. The annual typhoon precipitation time series for observation stations are examined for long-term trends. The results show that decreasing trends exist in most of the stations from 1957 to 2004 and are statistically significant in parts of Taiwan, Hainan, coastal Southeast China and southern Northeast China. The anomaly of typhoon precipitation mainly results from that of the general circulation over Asia and the Walker Cell circulation over the equatorial central and eastern Pacific. Typhoon torrential rain is one of the extreme rainfall events in the southeastern coastal regions and parts of central mainland. In these regions, torrential rains are mostly caused by typhoons.

Characteristics of the convective bursts and their relationship with the rapid intensification of Super Typhoon Maria(2018)

For Super Typhoon Maria(2018),the multi-intensity change stages are identified and reproduced by numerical simulation.It is rather difficult to perform a perfect simulation for such a repeatedly reinforced typhoon during its long life-cycle and remote path.In this study,the rapid intensification(RI)episode is focused on to investigate the convective burst(CB)characteristics and the relationship between the CBs and the RI of Maria.For Typhoon Maria,1)the spatial pattern of the inner-core CBs in distinct shear-relative quadrants,instead of the overall inner-core CBs frequently used in previous studies,presents cyclonic rotation from downshear to upshear quadrants during RI,producing a higher efficiency for tropical cyclone(TC)spinup,which accelerates the RI process.2)Dual meanings/relationships exist between CBs and RI for Maria,in contrast to the previous argument that CBs might be an indicator or a precursor to RI.The sudden growth of CBs prior to RI provides a precursor for the upcoming RI.Additionally,the appearance of the CB peak soon after RI indicates RI could lead to more intensive deep convections.The overlap of CBs with high inertial stability inside the radius of maximum wind plays a significant role in the RI of TCs.3)The synoptic attributions to CBs are also explored for the entire troposphere,fitting in the bottom-up thinking of convection growth.The CBs might be associated with high convective available potential energy in the boundary layer,a strengthening of the deep-layer secondary circulation,and an enhanced upper-level eddy momentum flux convergence.

APPLICATION OF AN OBJECTIVE DISCRIMINATING METHOD IN THE EVOLUTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE“HAIMA”DURING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION

An objective method for discriminating the process of extratropical transition （ET） in tropical cyclones is introduced. With this method, the gridpoint output data of NWP are used to calculate three parameters： storm-relative thickness symmetry （B）, low-level （-VL^L ） and upper-level thermal wind （-VT^U ）. This objective method is easy to calculate and convenient for operational use. To verify the method, this paper uses the NCEP reanalysis data to identify the evolution of ET for ＂Haima＂, a tropical storm （0421） that affected the eastern part of China in 2004. The result shows that the three parameters defined with the objective method are good indicators of the ET process.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON ON THE RAINSTORM ASSOCIATED WITH THE LANDFALLING STRONG TROPICAL STORM BILIS (0604)

Bilis (0604) is a strong tropical storm that sustained over land for a long time, bringing torrential rain. With conventional observation data, radar data and infrared satellite imagery, Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) are found to form and develop successively, which cause torrential rain. Then numerical simulation is conducted using MM5 to simulate a 66-h post-landfall process. The simulated distribution and intensity of precipitation match the observation well. With the simulated result, the characteristics and process of MCS development are analyzed with the finding that the convergence of the tropical depression and South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon over The south of China causes the formation of a mesoscale vortex, mesoscale convergence center and mesoscale convergence line, which are favorable to the development and sustaining of the MCSs. A sensitivity experiment indicates that the SCS summer monsoon transports unstable energy and water vapor continuously, which is of vital importance to rainstorms.

ENTROPY FLOW CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF TYPHOON MATSA (0509)

The evolution of Typhoon Matsa (0509) is examined in terms of entropy flow through an entropy balance equation derived from the Gibbs relation, according to the second law of thermodynamics. The entropy flows in the various significant stages of (genesis, development and decaying) during its evolution are diagnosed based on the outputs of the PSU/NCAR mesoscale model (known as MM5). The results show that: (1) the vertical spatial distribution of entropy flow for Matsa is characterized by a predominantly negative entropy flow in a large portion of the troposphere and a positive flow in the upper levels; (2) the fields of entropy flows at the middle troposphere (500 hPa) show that the growth of the typhoon is greatly dependent on the negative entropy flows from its surroundings; and (3) the simulated centres of heavy rainfall associated with the typhoon match well with the zones of large negative entropy flows, suggesting that they may be a significant indicator for severe weather events.

Zhang Heng’s Seismoscope(3):Disappearance & Scientific Value

The ancient idea of Heavenly Punishment confused natural phenomena with social issues,which resulted in Zhang Heng’s tragedy in his later years and seismoscope. The instrument might have been lost in the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. A series of extremely serious chaotic social events caused by war took place,such as a fire in Luoyang,forging coins by destroying copper wares,relocation of the capital,sharp population decrease,and the destruction of the Ling Observatory. Zhang’s scientific thought and successful practice had played an important role in ideological enlightenments at the primary stage of modern seismology at the end of the nineteenth century. There is a glorious course of"innovation—inheritance—re-innovation"of scientific and technical development from the inception Zhang Heng’s seismoscope to the modern seismograph invented by Milne,et al.

Test Bench for the Mechanical Distribution of Predators to Control Insect Pests

In agriculture, chemical insecticides are widely used to protect crops from insect pests. Over a period of years, some insects such as Colorado potato beetle （CPB） succeed in developing resistance to most of the registered chemical insecticides. Consequently, heavy applications of chemical insecticides to control this pest become ineffective on a long-term basis and can lead to serious health and environmental problems. The use of natural enemies to control CPB is an interesting alternative to chemical means However, hand release of predators is not feasible on a large scale in the field. The main objective of this research study was to design and build a test bench to investigate the technical feasibility of mechanically releasing predators. The test bench consisted of a vertical chain conveyor mounted on two vertical shafts driven by an electric motor. Since the predators are small and fragile, they were placed in a specially designed container to preserve their physical integrity. Trials using this test bench showed that a carrier material was required, because most of the predators remained inside the container. The success of this mass predator release system will be highly valuable for the biological control of insect pests in many crops.

日本关于《大乘止观法门》的研究

众所周知,《大乘止观法门》自11世纪由日本传到中国之后,一直作为慧思的著作受到重视,并有众多注释性研究。在日本,在很长的时期里,《大乘止观法门》也作为慧思的著作受到日本天台宗的重视,历代皆有注释书出现,其思想对日本天台宗乃至日本整个佛教思想皆产生了巨大影响。但与中国不同的是,在日本,从古代开始,对于本书是否为天台宗的著作就出现了怀疑的声音。延至近代,随着新的研究方法论的导入,从文献学、思想史等立场出发对《大乘止观法门》的思想特质进行了更深入的分析,对其是否是慧思所著提出了广泛的质疑。在当代日本佛教学术界,否定此书为慧思著作的观点成为了主流。当然。

基于中医理论解读《童蒙止观》观息养生法要

文章运用文献学的研究方法,从中医视角分析《童蒙止观》的“六字诀”和观想“十二气息法”的相关内容。《童蒙止观》认为,由风入息“四相”可调顺气机,“六字诀”、观想“十二气息法”可愈五脏六腑之疾。息以和为要,观以心为到,心息和合才为妙的认知理念,充分展现出中国传统和合养生思想的价值理念。《童蒙止观》一书,其论虽是禅门法要,但其中观息法可以达到心息相依、颐养心神、调畅气机的效果,对现代人的身体亚健康问题有着积极的调节作用。

论《童蒙止观》所蕴含的和合养生思想

《童蒙止观》中所蕴含的止观养生法,具有和合文化的特质,其养生技巧有助于减嗜欲、安心神、调情志、顺气血、养五脏、治百病、开智慧,这与中医注重的惜精养气调神,"恬淡虚无,精神内守"的养生理念等有着相似相仿之处。文章试就《童蒙止观》所蕴含和合养生思想,如诃五欲,弃五盖;和五事,善滋养;修止观,合双运;息烦惑,烹凡心等具有特色的养生理念,从身息心三者的和合调养,达到身心和乐,祛疾防病,强身健体,以期有利于社会人群的目的。

SOCIETY

Long--Awaited Snowfall People visit a snowy Jingshan Park in Beijing on March 17.Light snow and sleet fell in Beijing in the morning,breaking the city’s longest dry spell in 47 years,according to the municipal meteorological observatory.

Estimation of the inter-frequency clock bias for the satellites of PRN25 and PRN01

We present two efficient approaches,namely the epoch-differenced(ED) and satellite-and epoch-differenced(SDED) approaches,for the estimation of IFCBs of the two Block IIF satellites.For the analysis,data from 18 stations from the IGS network spanning 96 d is processed.Results show that the IFCBs of PRN25 and PRN01 exhibit periodical signal of one orbit revolution with a magnitude up to 18 cm.The periodical variation of the IFCBs is modeled by a sinusoidal function of the included angle between the sun,earth and the satellite.The presented model enables a consistent use of L1/L2 clock products in L1/L5-based positioning.The algorithm is incorporated into the MGPSS software at SHAO(Shanghai Astronomical Observatory,Chinese Academy of Sciences) and is used to monitor the IFCB variation in near real-time.