It is of great significance to study gas hydrate because of following reasons. （1） Most organic carbon in the earth reserves in the form of natural gas hydrate, which is considered as a potential energy resource for...It is of great significance to study gas hydrate because of following reasons. （1） Most organic carbon in the earth reserves in the form of natural gas hydrate, which is considered as a potential energy resource for the survival of human being in the future. （2） A series of novel technologies are based on gas hydrate. （3） Gas hydrate may lead to many hazards including plugging of oil/gas pipelines, accelerating global warming up, etc. In this paper, the latest progresses in exploration and exploitation of natural gas hydrate, the development of hydrate-based technologies including gas separation, gas storage, CO2 sequestration via forming hydrate, as well as the prevention of hydrate hazards are reviewed. Additionally, the progresses in the fundamental study of gas hydrate, including the thermodynamics and kinetics are also reviewed. A prospect to the future of gas hydrate research and application is given.展开更多
An experiment on effects of composite promoting agents composed of surfactants and liquid hydrocarbons on hydrate formation was conducted and the hydrate formation temperature,pressure,induction time and rate in the p...An experiment on effects of composite promoting agents composed of surfactants and liquid hydrocarbons on hydrate formation was conducted and the hydrate formation temperature,pressure,induction time and rate in the presence of different composite promoting agent packages were measured.The surfactants used covered sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS),sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) and 2-octyl sodium dodecyl sulfate(GC20S),and the liquid hydrocarbon additives utilized included cyclopentane(CP) and methyl cyclohexane(MCH).It appeared that all these combinations of composite promoting agents could promote hydrate formation.The type II hydrate formation conditions using composite promoting agents composed of CP and GC20S were the mildest and the induction time was the shortest;whereas the type H hydrates formation conditions using composite promoting agents composed of MCH and GC20S were the mildest and the induction time was also the shortest.展开更多
There has been carried out the process of noncatalytic oxidation of natural methane in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at the temperatures 840-880 ℃ what permitted to obtain hydrogen with high yield of hydrogen （...There has been carried out the process of noncatalytic oxidation of natural methane in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at the temperatures 840-880 ℃ what permitted to obtain hydrogen with high yield of hydrogen （74%） with inconsiderable quantity of CO （0.4%） in converted gas. As observed in the experiment, a variation of H2O2 concentration in the aqueous solution and other basic parameters of the process may induce the synthesis of gas with given H2：CO ratio for its further application in methanol or ammonia synthesis. In the latter process low CO concentration is required. Compared with the common high-temperature conversion of natural gas and further carbon oxide conversion on a catalyst, the current process promotes process simplification： the reaction is implemented at relatively low temperature （860-900 ℃ instead of 1400-1600 ℃for existing non-catalytic processes of methane conversion） and an additional unit for catalytic conversion of carbon oxide is excluded （in NH3 production）. The mechanism of chemical conjugation in the CH4-H2O2-H2O system was elucidated and the inducing effect of H2O2 decomposition on the desired （secondary） reaction was quantitavely estimated. An adequate kinetic model was formulated on the basis of the proposed free-radical scheme.展开更多
Shallow gas is composed of all kinds of shallow buried natural gas resources( < 1500 m) with relatively small reserve for each gas resource. It has some advantages such as shallow burial depth,good physical propert...Shallow gas is composed of all kinds of shallow buried natural gas resources( < 1500 m) with relatively small reserve for each gas resource. It has some advantages such as shallow burial depth,good physical properties and the huge accumulations. Based on the Wigner-Vill distribution,a general spectral decomposition method is applied in the shallow gas detection. Cone-shaped kernel function filtering method is used to suppress cross-terms of the Wigner-Ville distribution,which is tested on field seismic data. Because of shallow gas reservoir has a characteristic that low frequency energy is stronger and high frequency energy is weaker,it indicates the presence of shallow gas successfully.展开更多
China has proposed the ＂Belt and Road Initiative （B＆R）＂ in 2013. One its core strategies is international oil/gas cooperation. This paper addresses the status quo of cooperation on oil/gas infrastructure with co...China has proposed the ＂Belt and Road Initiative （B＆R）＂ in 2013. One its core strategies is international oil/gas cooperation. This paper addresses the status quo of cooperation on oil/gas infrastructure with countries along the line of ＂B＆R＇, anticipahs the cooperatiorl prospect. On this basis, the author analyzes China＇s advantages and cooperation basis in this domain, conceives the practical way of cooperation on oil/gas infrastructure with countries along the line of ＂B＆R＇. This paper also elaborates on tlre potential risks, risk evaluation criteria and risk corr trol in oil/gas infrastructu re cooperation with countries tries along tire line of ＂B＆R＂.展开更多
Helsinki Environmental Services Authority HSY ,Ammaissuo waste management centre consists of two landfill sites. The old land filling area was established in 1987 and closed in 2007. The landfilling at the new landfil...Helsinki Environmental Services Authority HSY ,Ammaissuo waste management centre consists of two landfill sites. The old land filling area was established in 1987 and closed in 2007. The landfilling at the new landfill section started in November 2007. Until spring 2014 the main treatment method for source separated MSW （municipal solid＇waste） collected from Helsinki Metropolitan area households was landfilling. Approximately 250,000 tonnes of MSW was landfilled annually. From April 2014 on all of the MWS has been utilized in heat and electricity production at new Waste to Energy plant owned and operated by energy company Vantaa Energy Ltd. The landscaping of the landfills is currently ongoing. The construction of the landfill gas collection system was started in 1994 and from 1996 on landfill gas from old landfill area was recovered and burned in torches to reduce the greenhouse gas effect caused by methane in landfill gas. In the end of year （2004） new landfill gas utilisation system was taken in use Gas was used as a fuel in HOB （heat only boiler） to generate district heating for nearby community as well as commercial and industrial sites. The capacity of the system was 7,000 Nm3/h that corresponded to app. 30 MW of heat. Since district heat was mainly needed only during the cold season of the year only about half of the landfill gas produced by the landfill was able to utilize and rest of the gas was still flared leading to relatively low utilization rate of the gas. The construction work of the new 15 MW ＋ 1.2 MW electricity power plant started in spring 2009. The power plant consists of four gas engines and generators and organic rankine cycle process utilizing thermal oil for heat transfer from exhaust gas and steam turbine with hexamethyldisiloxane （silicone oil） as a medium agent. The ORC （Organic Rankine Cycle）-process was commissioned in August 2011 and the operational experiences have been very good. Based on current knowledge the HSY power plant is the biggest landfill gas fired power plant in Europe and probably even in the whole world. Also the combined engine and ORC-process is unique for landfill gas power plants. The third phase of the biogas utilization took place in summer 2015 when the anaerobic digestion biowaste treatment plant was introduced. At the moment the product gas from digestion plant is utilized at landfill gas power plant. In the future gas will be used as a fuel for new power plant process consisting two gas engines and ORC process. Commissioning of the new power plant will take place in October 2016. This paper presents detailed description of the landfill gas utilization system of HSY waste treatment centre and information on operational experiences of landfill gas fired power plant process.展开更多
The usage of alternative fuel as a substitute of oil fuel for transportation sector in developed countries has been commonly implemented in order to decrease crude oil consumption, where in a few years back, the crude...The usage of alternative fuel as a substitute of oil fuel for transportation sector in developed countries has been commonly implemented in order to decrease crude oil consumption, where in a few years back, the crude oil price is constantly increasing. In addition, global warming issue becomes one of reasons that motivate many countries to switch for a cleaner energy usage. As a country that has a relatively big reserve of natural gas, its appropriate natural gas could minimize subsidized oil fuel and also financing country＇s burden if Indonesia is optimizing the usage of energy resources. This paper will discuss about the background of gas fuel usage for road transportation sector in Indonesia, review of alternative fuel usage, the gas fuel usage status in Indonesia and gas usage recommendation for land transportation sector in Indonesia based on other countries experiences.展开更多
Economy growth in China is expected to slow down a little during the I3th Five-Year-Plan period. So will the domestic gas demand and supply market, which may be quite different from that of the 11 th and 12th Five-Yea...Economy growth in China is expected to slow down a little during the I3th Five-Year-Plan period. So will the domestic gas demand and supply market, which may be quite different from that of the 11 th and 12th Five-Year-Plan periods. The paper summarized the state quo of gas supply and demand in the country and analyzed factors that may affect the demand and supply balance in the new period. It is proposed that there will be many uncertainties in achieving supply and demand goals of gas set for tire period, and gas glut is also very possible during the time. To deal with the problem, it is suggested that several measures be taken nationwide： improving utilization of gas in several sectors, straightening and optimizing the pricing mechanism, speeding up construction of infrastructures, implementing relevant policies and boosting up supen^ision and monitor of tire industry.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （20925623 21076225） the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China （2007AA09Z311）+1 种基金 the National Science ＆ Technology Major Project （2008ZX05026-004-03） the National Basic Research Program of China （2009CB219504）
文摘It is of great significance to study gas hydrate because of following reasons. （1） Most organic carbon in the earth reserves in the form of natural gas hydrate, which is considered as a potential energy resource for the survival of human being in the future. （2） A series of novel technologies are based on gas hydrate. （3） Gas hydrate may lead to many hazards including plugging of oil/gas pipelines, accelerating global warming up, etc. In this paper, the latest progresses in exploration and exploitation of natural gas hydrate, the development of hydrate-based technologies including gas separation, gas storage, CO2 sequestration via forming hydrate, as well as the prevention of hydrate hazards are reviewed. Additionally, the progresses in the fundamental study of gas hydrate, including the thermodynamics and kinetics are also reviewed. A prospect to the future of gas hydrate research and application is given.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51176015)
文摘An experiment on effects of composite promoting agents composed of surfactants and liquid hydrocarbons on hydrate formation was conducted and the hydrate formation temperature,pressure,induction time and rate in the presence of different composite promoting agent packages were measured.The surfactants used covered sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS),sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) and 2-octyl sodium dodecyl sulfate(GC20S),and the liquid hydrocarbon additives utilized included cyclopentane(CP) and methyl cyclohexane(MCH).It appeared that all these combinations of composite promoting agents could promote hydrate formation.The type II hydrate formation conditions using composite promoting agents composed of CP and GC20S were the mildest and the induction time was the shortest;whereas the type H hydrates formation conditions using composite promoting agents composed of MCH and GC20S were the mildest and the induction time was also the shortest.
文摘There has been carried out the process of noncatalytic oxidation of natural methane in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at the temperatures 840-880 ℃ what permitted to obtain hydrogen with high yield of hydrogen （74%） with inconsiderable quantity of CO （0.4%） in converted gas. As observed in the experiment, a variation of H2O2 concentration in the aqueous solution and other basic parameters of the process may induce the synthesis of gas with given H2：CO ratio for its further application in methanol or ammonia synthesis. In the latter process low CO concentration is required. Compared with the common high-temperature conversion of natural gas and further carbon oxide conversion on a catalyst, the current process promotes process simplification： the reaction is implemented at relatively low temperature （860-900 ℃ instead of 1400-1600 ℃for existing non-catalytic processes of methane conversion） and an additional unit for catalytic conversion of carbon oxide is excluded （in NH3 production）. The mechanism of chemical conjugation in the CH4-H2O2-H2O system was elucidated and the inducing effect of H2O2 decomposition on the desired （secondary） reaction was quantitavely estimated. An adequate kinetic model was formulated on the basis of the proposed free-radical scheme.
文摘Shallow gas is composed of all kinds of shallow buried natural gas resources( < 1500 m) with relatively small reserve for each gas resource. It has some advantages such as shallow burial depth,good physical properties and the huge accumulations. Based on the Wigner-Vill distribution,a general spectral decomposition method is applied in the shallow gas detection. Cone-shaped kernel function filtering method is used to suppress cross-terms of the Wigner-Ville distribution,which is tested on field seismic data. Because of shallow gas reservoir has a characteristic that low frequency energy is stronger and high frequency energy is weaker,it indicates the presence of shallow gas successfully.
文摘China has proposed the ＂Belt and Road Initiative （B＆R）＂ in 2013. One its core strategies is international oil/gas cooperation. This paper addresses the status quo of cooperation on oil/gas infrastructure with countries along the line of ＂B＆R＇, anticipahs the cooperatiorl prospect. On this basis, the author analyzes China＇s advantages and cooperation basis in this domain, conceives the practical way of cooperation on oil/gas infrastructure with countries along the line of ＂B＆R＇. This paper also elaborates on tlre potential risks, risk evaluation criteria and risk corr trol in oil/gas infrastructu re cooperation with countries tries along tire line of ＂B＆R＂.
文摘Helsinki Environmental Services Authority HSY ,Ammaissuo waste management centre consists of two landfill sites. The old land filling area was established in 1987 and closed in 2007. The landfilling at the new landfill section started in November 2007. Until spring 2014 the main treatment method for source separated MSW （municipal solid＇waste） collected from Helsinki Metropolitan area households was landfilling. Approximately 250,000 tonnes of MSW was landfilled annually. From April 2014 on all of the MWS has been utilized in heat and electricity production at new Waste to Energy plant owned and operated by energy company Vantaa Energy Ltd. The landscaping of the landfills is currently ongoing. The construction of the landfill gas collection system was started in 1994 and from 1996 on landfill gas from old landfill area was recovered and burned in torches to reduce the greenhouse gas effect caused by methane in landfill gas. In the end of year （2004） new landfill gas utilisation system was taken in use Gas was used as a fuel in HOB （heat only boiler） to generate district heating for nearby community as well as commercial and industrial sites. The capacity of the system was 7,000 Nm3/h that corresponded to app. 30 MW of heat. Since district heat was mainly needed only during the cold season of the year only about half of the landfill gas produced by the landfill was able to utilize and rest of the gas was still flared leading to relatively low utilization rate of the gas. The construction work of the new 15 MW ＋ 1.2 MW electricity power plant started in spring 2009. The power plant consists of four gas engines and generators and organic rankine cycle process utilizing thermal oil for heat transfer from exhaust gas and steam turbine with hexamethyldisiloxane （silicone oil） as a medium agent. The ORC （Organic Rankine Cycle）-process was commissioned in August 2011 and the operational experiences have been very good. Based on current knowledge the HSY power plant is the biggest landfill gas fired power plant in Europe and probably even in the whole world. Also the combined engine and ORC-process is unique for landfill gas power plants. The third phase of the biogas utilization took place in summer 2015 when the anaerobic digestion biowaste treatment plant was introduced. At the moment the product gas from digestion plant is utilized at landfill gas power plant. In the future gas will be used as a fuel for new power plant process consisting two gas engines and ORC process. Commissioning of the new power plant will take place in October 2016. This paper presents detailed description of the landfill gas utilization system of HSY waste treatment centre and information on operational experiences of landfill gas fired power plant process.
文摘The usage of alternative fuel as a substitute of oil fuel for transportation sector in developed countries has been commonly implemented in order to decrease crude oil consumption, where in a few years back, the crude oil price is constantly increasing. In addition, global warming issue becomes one of reasons that motivate many countries to switch for a cleaner energy usage. As a country that has a relatively big reserve of natural gas, its appropriate natural gas could minimize subsidized oil fuel and also financing country＇s burden if Indonesia is optimizing the usage of energy resources. This paper will discuss about the background of gas fuel usage for road transportation sector in Indonesia, review of alternative fuel usage, the gas fuel usage status in Indonesia and gas usage recommendation for land transportation sector in Indonesia based on other countries experiences.
文摘Economy growth in China is expected to slow down a little during the I3th Five-Year-Plan period. So will the domestic gas demand and supply market, which may be quite different from that of the 11 th and 12th Five-Year-Plan periods. The paper summarized the state quo of gas supply and demand in the country and analyzed factors that may affect the demand and supply balance in the new period. It is proposed that there will be many uncertainties in achieving supply and demand goals of gas set for tire period, and gas glut is also very possible during the time. To deal with the problem, it is suggested that several measures be taken nationwide： improving utilization of gas in several sectors, straightening and optimizing the pricing mechanism, speeding up construction of infrastructures, implementing relevant policies and boosting up supen^ision and monitor of tire industry.
