太阳光伏系统设计浅析

根据具体的工程实例阐述了太阳光伏系统的设计选型、注意事项,并对该系统进行了技术经济评价,对存在的问题作出了分析,提出了解决方法。

太阳光伏阵列自动跟踪系统应用示范

根据多种太阳光伏阵列自动跟踪系统应用示范,比较各种系统的发电提高效率及性价比,为推广新型太阳能光伏发电系统提供依据。

一种混合太阳能发电系统特性研究

文章根据太阳电池的光谱响应推导出混合型太阳光伏系统发电量的计算公式,然后比较了由单一太阳电池组件构成的光伏系统和由两种太阳电池组件构成的混合光伏系统的发电特性,最后以试验数据及应用实例验证了这一结论,突出了太阳电池混合应用光伏系统的优点。

采用微功耗控制器提高光伏效率

该文从理论上分析了采用太阳自动跟踪控制装置可提高太阳转换效率的空间 ;并阐述了采用不同于传感器方式的定时跟踪法的电路实现原理。这种电路不仅省去传感器和相关电路的能耗 ,更重要的是在该电路中可以实现最省电的休眠工作模式 ,使采用太阳自动跟踪控制装置后提高转换电能成为现实。该文还对比了固定安置的太阳电池板和采用了太阳自动跟踪控制装置的太阳电池板在相同条件下的转换效率。

POWER GENERATION POTENTIAL OF BIPV APPLICATION IN CHINA

This paper discusses the potential and prospect of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) for solar electrical power generation in China.The BIPV technology has been identified as the most economical renewable energy resource to contribute to world electrical energy demand for protecting environment from reduced fossil fuel consumption.The available solar energy resource of 14 cities and the potential power generation from PV claddings in buildings in China were estimated.The economical analysis of BIPV application is discussed.It is found that the potential is significant and the government should play an important role in its development.

Long Term Assessment of a Grid Connected Solar PV System in Sydney

This paper assesses 4 years of operation of a 1.75 kW roof top solar PV system installed in a Sydney suburban house. The system consists of 10 PV panels, a DC/AC inverter, and a grid connected gross meter. Solar electricity delivered to grid is verified with the results from a computer simulation package （PVSYST） by adopting the installed component specifications, operation conditions, and weather data of the site. The results show high consistency between the values of energy delivered to the grid measured by the energy company and the energy estimated by system simulation. New system performance indicator is developed and called the optimum performance compliance ratio （PCR）. It is a measure of the compliance of the output of the designed PV system with the output which would be produced by the same system with a solar tracker. This indicator provides system designers, contractors and energy providers with the actual capacity of the system that they can offer the end-users.

Comparative Study on Telecommunications Base Stations＇ Power Supply Systems on Remote Sites in the Northern Part of Cameroon

The TBS （telecommunications base stations） on remote sites in the northern part of Cameroon are mainly supplied by a system of two generating units. Only a few TBS located in the Waza and Benue National Parks are powered by a PV （photovoltaic） solar system to avoid any disturbance to wildlife. It is against this background that we decided to do a comparative study on these two systems. This study focuses on the reliability of electrical quantities, the environmental impact and the installation and operating costs of these two major systems namely the GU （generating unit） system comprising two generating units and the PV system. In conducting this study, we took a sample of TBS including those located in the Badjouma and Waza localities. After collecting data from mobile telephony operators, measurements of electrical quantities on the sites for twelve consecutive months and updating costs, their operation reveal indicators that are surprising, to say the least. Concerning the reliability index, the PV system is estimated at 99.9% as against 97.8% for the GU system. As for environmental impact, the mass of CO2 released by the GU system reached 1,707.5 tons in 25 years for a single TBS while the PV system produced no emissions. In addition to its contribution to climate change, the GU system pollutes its immediate environment through the spillage of waste and production of deafening noise. On the other hand, economic analysis shows mixed results. The GU system has a lower installation cost of $6,640 as against $174,550 for the PV system, whose investment cost is its main handicap. Regarding operating costs, the GU system peaks at $923,940 in 25 years while the PV system requires only $487,550 for the same duration.

Renewable Energy Sources and Pricing of Electrical Power

This report deals with some characteristics of the electric power system of Bulgaria. Emphasis is put on the benefits of joining the small photovoltaic plants in the tourist areas of the country. As an example of that the town of Pomorie is examined. Data on the quality of the consumed electric energy and the price per a four-member family are presented. The amount of the solar radiation for the town of Pomorie is audited through the PVGIS （Photovoltaic Geographical Information System）. Discussed are the types of photovoltaic panels offered on the market by manufacturers in terms of the received power efficiency. Developed is a model of creating a photovoltaic system on the roof of a house, inhabited by several families. Calculations are made on the cost of the electricity generated by the proposed system. Compared is the cost of the electricity supplied by the electricity provider EVN （Energie Verntinftig Nutzen） in the town of Pomorie to the one that will be obtained using the proposed PV-system.

Diffusion of Solar Energy Use in the Built Environment Supported by New Design

Places of large potentials of sustainable energy production and places of large energy consumption are often very different and separated by large distances across the globe. This paper first discusses potentials of solar technology in terms of global availability using PV （photovoltaic） technology and actual energy production. Solar energy is widely under-used and one way to reduce this is to improve production in low-energy places with high demand： large cities. According to this option, about 40% of the electricity consumption in the built environment could be produced by solar PV systems and energy storage systems. This paper discusses conditions in the built environment and functional and design qualities enabling an increased diffusion of the technologies In a comparative analysis of PV technologies, the criteria taken into account encompass efficiency of the type of solar cell and commercial availability. Special attention is paid to the design features of different PV systems, like flexibility, colour and transparency that might help in their utilization as integrated in building material and ornaments in modem architecture. The same procedure is followed for electricity storage devices. The preliminary conclusion is that at present the freedom of design is largest for a combination of crystalline silicon PV cells and Li-ion batteries.

Transient Stability Analysis of Synchronous Generator in Power System with Renewable Power Sources Installed

The impact of large-scale grid-connected renewable power sources, such as wind generators and solar photovoitaic systems, on transient stability of synchronous generators is discussed in this paper. The permanent magnet synchronous generator with variable speed wind turbine is used in the simulation analysis as a wind generator model. The transient stability analysis is performed for IEEE 9-bus system model with high-penetration renewable power sources. The effect of FRT （fault ride-through） capability implemented for each power source on the transient stability is investigated.

Developing of the EV charging and parking shed of BIPV

Building-integrated photovoltaic(BIPV) is an important application way of solar photovoltaic power. The electric vehicle(EV) charging and parking shed of BIPV is the regeneration energy intellectual integration demonstration application system collection of photovoltaic(PV) grid power,PV off- grid power,EV charging and parking shed,and any part of the functions and their combination will be engaged in practical application on demand. The paper describes the PV shed system structure and design in detail with the present of its actual photos. The shed is 50 m long and 5.5 m wide and capable of parking 18 cars. Under the control of system intellectual controller,the power produced by PV from sunlight will charge the parking EV car prior to charging the storage battery,charging the storage battery prior to grid power,grid power at last,and charge the EV by utility grid when it is a cloudy or rainy day.

Design of a Mobile Photovoltaic Module System for Demonstration and Experimentation

In Mexico, owing to solar radiation conditions, there is great potential for PV （photovoltaic） systems. Besides, since 2007, the solar electricity interconnection agreement became official which allowed for an important growth of the photovoltaic industry. Due to the important development of the PV industry, there is a need for engineers trained to design, install, and evaluate PV systems The UAEMEX （autonomous university of the state of Mexico） offers a new bachelor degree of engineering program which dedicated to the development of sustainable energy systems. This kind of programs requires special equipment for experimentation and practice Specialists at UAEMEX also detected the need for a system to evaluate and demonstrate the application of PV modules, but they also found that most of the systems on the market are very expensive and unable to evaluate different arrangements. The goal of this paper is to present the design of a mobile system to evaluate PV modules and arrangements. This system is useful, not only for demonstration practices, but also for experimentation with different materials and types of PV panels. The design allows for two or four PV modules to be assembled in different positions and inclinations. The prototype is equipped with a data acquisition system that will be used to obtain the PV module performance curves. It will also be used to evaluate the atmospheric, interference and shadow effects on these modules. This prototype will be used to complement the practice learning of solar PV systems, but also to demonstrate the use of PV modules. The prototype is being design and constructed by a group of mechanical and electronic engineering students and this fact will be useful to meet the needs of basic science, math, and engineering teaching objectives in an integrated and hands-on way project. The essential features of system are described. A comparative analysis of the systems on the market is carried out. Also presented are the learning advantages for the students involved in the design and construction of this kind of systems, as well as a summary of practices that may be performed with the equipment.

BIPV in the Refurbishment of Minor Historical Centres： The Project of Integrability between Standard and Customized Technology

The proposed research is aimed to define some BIPV （building integrated photovoltaics） paradigms for the refurbishment of historical contexts, by defining strategic criteria related to linguistic-architectural and technological-constructive aspects of solar systems （including case-studies in specific application contexts）. This research could, once perfected and shared, be used within operative tools （guidelines, case studies, etc.） really applicable to common scale, e.g., in today＇s post-earthquake reconstruction in L＇Aquila, for defining possible solar implementation possibilities in sensitive areas according to an innovative and sustainable method of intervention.

Analysis of Energy Saving Achievable through Solar Photovoltaic Systems on School Roofs： A Case of the City of Rome

Embracing renewable energy technology makes a lot of sense for the public sectors and schools as it meets the government sustainability goals and provides a financially viable means of achieving carbon savings while offering income potential. This study is aimed to quantify the achievable energy saving by spread use ofphotovoltaic systems on public building stock in the city of Rome. The installation of PV （photovoltaic） systems in the historic center depends on the feasibility conditions, generally more complex compared to the cases examined in the consolidated city, because they require compliance with the formal and aesthetic characteristics of the buildings, so the choice must be made between compatible components, which allow to minimize the transformation. The suburbs are characterized by large plane roofs in bad conditions and belonging to isolated buildings, so the useful surface, according to shading condition, offers a big potential for renewable technologies. The research provides an evaluation of maximum production of solar energy and the subsequent energy saving and reduction of greenhouse gasses, using parametric data, and an evaluation of the cost-effectiveness, with a rough calculation of return on investment.

High Frequency Transformers for DC/DC Converter Used in Solar PV System

This paper presents and investigates planar and coaxial high frequency power transformers used for DC/DC converters in a three phase photo voltaic （PV） power systems. The winding structure including a Faraday shield between the primary and secondary windings is designed to minimize eddy current losses, skin and proximity effects, and to reduce the leakage inductance, and the inter winding coupling capacitance. Finite Element Method is employed to analyze the magnetic flux and eddy current distributions. The two different kinds of prototype high frequency transformers are designed and tested. The simulation and experiment results are demonstrated and compared with non-shielded transformers. The shielded transformers have achieved the expected results with a relatively small coupling capacitance, compared with the conventional high frequency transformer. This shield decreases the inter-winding coupling capacitance Cps. The topology of this shield has to be such that it acts as a Faraday screen while avoiding eddy current generation.

Distributed Solar PV System for Industrial Application

The paper presents the design and field test of a distributed solar PV system for industrial application （DGPVi）. DGPVi utilizes HyPV （hybrid PV） system which generates solar power for self-consumption in lighting and air conditioning in a production line of a factory when solar energy is available. It does not feed the excess PV power to the grid. HyPV will be switched to grid power supply when solar energy is not available. A 3 kWp DGPVi is installed in a factory for field demonstration. The test results show that the solar PV power generated can be utilized immediately. The solar energy generation efficiency （kWh/day per kWp PV installation） of DGPVi is close to that of grid-tied PV system without self-consumption and battery storage. The yearly return on investment of DGPVi is 2.0% at the present installation cost or 3.3% at further cost-down cost. The payback time will be 14.3 years at the present installation cost or 12.1 years at cost-down cost. The present study verifies the economic feasibility of DGPVi.

Load Management Scheme Using Air Conditioning Electric Power Consumption and Photovoltaic Power System Generation

In the last few decades, in the world and also in the European Union, considerable resources had been invested in the rapid development of renewable energy sources and distributed generation in general. At the same time, power consumption is continuously increasing, and consumers are becoming more complex, which ultimately requires new investments in the distribution network. Concept of smart grids is generally accepted as a possible solution. Smart grid is a concept with many elements, where monitoring and control of every element in the chain of production, transmission, distribution and final consumption enable much more efficient delivery and use of electricity. One of the elements of smart grid efficiency is the ability of real-time demand-supply balancing. This balancing is carried out by monitoring of consumption and redistribution of electricity among individual end users, according to their needs. The aim of this paper is creating algorithm for real-time load management using power measurements. Algorithm for real-time load management at the ETFOS （Faculty of Electrical Engineering in Osijek）, Croatia is created based on measurements of photovoltaic power plant production, the power consumption of air conditioning system and the faculty building total electricity consumption. Expected result of real-time re-dispatching of air conditioners consumption, depending on the level of electricity production in photovoltaic power plant is decreasing peak demand of the faculty.

Stochastic Modeling of Total Ground Irradiance of Horizontal Surface

This paper describes relatively simple stochastic model of the total ground irradiance of horizontal surface. For this purpose clearness index is modeled as a stochastic signal. The parameters of clearness index stochastic signal are chosen to fit values of daily mean insolation for each month for the location of Zagreb, Croatia. Complete model has been done in MATLAB. This model can be used for Monte Carlo simulations of technical solar systems such as photovoltaic systems or solar thermal energy systems.

Influence of Internal and External Parameters in Temperature of Hybrid PV/T Water Collector

The combination of photovoltaic system with a thermal to form the hybrid PVT （photovoltaic thermal）, which together will generate electricity and heat. This energy depends on the input that is to say the energy of solar radiation, temperature and speed wind and output which is the operating temperature of the system. This production also depends on the mode of heat removal. The authors present in this article; a study by a numerical simulation of the thermal behavior of a prototype hybrid sensor through the development of an energy balance that involves heat exchange between the different components of the hybrid sensor, and it will allow us to study the influence of internal and external parameters on the temperature variation in the different layers of the prototype PV/T studied.