矛盾内蕴的“语怪”问题:“非语怪”传统发微——兼论《天问》“多奇怪之事”

在经学内部,儒家关于“语怪”“不语”的争论从没真正平息过。无论怎样修正“不语”或“怪力乱神”的内涵,都未曾对“不语怪力乱神”这一立论前提的来龙去脉作发生学追溯;换句话说,儒家忙于争论其然却未问其所以然,对“子不语怪力乱神”问题进行阐释时却忽略了对“语怪”何以会成为一个问题进行反思。“儒家“不语怪力乱神”标尺确立之前的、没有“语怪”“不语怪”之分的传统,可称“非语怪”传统。从“非语怪”角度看待“语怪”,可知其有两部分构成,一是儒家“不语怪力乱神”标准观照下的“语怪”;一是儒家“不语怪”传统确立之前的“非语怪”传统下的“语怪”。但后一种“语怪”其实就是“非语怪”的。“语怪”“不语怪”(儒家立场)和“非语怪”(前儒家立场)是基于不同学术立场,对同一事物的不同划分和称呼。从非语怪传统,以《天问》为例即可理解语怪传统的内部矛盾。

Morphological and Anatomical Analyses of a Floral Organ Mutant in Rice

A spontaneously occurred rice ( Oryza sativa L.) mutant characterized by homeotic conversions in glumes and stamens was found in the progeny of a breeding material. The mutant plant shows degenerated glumes and morphological transformation of stamens into pistils. A mutant floret consists of 1 to 3 completely developed pistils and 4 to 6 incomplete pistils with no ovary. Some pistilloid stamens still have filaments but tipped by bulged tissue and 0 to 3 stigmas. Three ovaries in a single floret were observed in its cross and longitudinal sections. When the mutant plants were pollinated with pollens from wild type plants, one or two naked seeds instead of a caryopsis could be produced in a single floret. The mutant is controlled by a single recessive gene since its F 1 hybrid plants were restored to wild type and 3∶1 ratio of wild type to mutant plants were observed in the progeny of heterozygotes. It seems that the mutant phenotype of the homeotic conversions in glumes and stamens is similar to that of the B loss_of_function mutants in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum .

發刊辭

劉《略》班《志》以爲,諸子之學,始於王官。宗周傾覆,天子失官,九流十家,紛然並作,亦吾國學術之瑰奇者也。然自柱下以還,凡兩千五百餘年,余謂子學或浧而或厄者凡幾。一浧於仲尼殁後:楊朱之貴己,墨翟之尚廉,浸浸然充塞天下,學者靡然從風矣。

A chlorinated low-bandgap small-molecule acceptor for organic solar cells with 14.1% efficiency and low energy loss

A new acceptor-donor-acceptor(A-D-A) type small-molecule acceptor NCBDT-4 Cl using chlorinated end groups is reported.This new-designed molecule demonstrates wide and efficient absorption ability in the range of 600–900 nm with a narrow optical bandgap of 1.40 eV. The device based on PBDB-T-SF:NCBDT-4 Cl shows a power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 13.1%without any post-treatment, which represents the best result for all as-cast organic solar cells(OSCs) to date. After device optimizations, the PCE was further enhanced to over 14% with a high short-circuit current density(Jsc) of 22.35 m A cm-2 and a fill-factor(FF) of 74.3%. The improved performance was attributed to the more efficient photo-electron conversion process in the optimal device. To our knowledge, this outstanding efficiency of 14.1% with an energy loss as low as 0.55 eV is among the best results for all single-junction OSCs.

Study on acid base disturbance in patients with post traumatic multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Objective: To investigate the classification and incidence of acid base disturbance (ABD) in the patients with post traumatic multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Methods: A total of 119 patients with MODS were examined with arterial blood gas analysis and serum electrolytes detection for 675 times in this study. Results: Different types of ABD existed in 647 times out of 675 times ( 95.9 %) of blood gas analyses. There were 270 times ( 41.7 %) of simple ABD, 271 times ( 41.9 %) of double ABD and 106 times ( 16.4 %) of triple ABD. Among which, 404 times ( 62.4 %) were in respiratory alkalosis (RAL), 332 times ( 51.3 %) in metabolic acidosis (MA), 227 times ( 35.1 %) in metabolic alkalosis (MAL) and 167 times ( 25.8 %) in respiratory acidosis (RA). In this study, 79 cases ( 66.4 %) out of 119 cases with MODS died from these kinds of ABD. Conclusions: It suggests that in the early stage of MODS, RAL with or without hypoxemia may exist, and later on, MA or even triple ABD may occur. In order to detect and correct the primary disorders as early as possible, it is important to keep the balance of hydrolyte. The treatment of primary diseases is also important. Disorders of acid base balance were corrected according to pH standard values, anion gap (AG) and the potential [HCO 3 -] were also calculated simultaneously. When pH was more than 7.50 or lower than 7.20 , it is necessary to give drugs of acidity or alkalinity to the patients with ABD to maintain pH value within a normal range.

Pancreatic enzymes in the gut contributing to lung injury after trauma/hemorrhagic shock

Objective: To examine whether pancreatic proteolytic enzymes involve in lung injury induced by trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS). Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats received intraluminal or intravenous pancreatic serine protease inhibitor, 6 amidino 2 naphthyl p guanidinobenzoate dimethanesulfate (ANGD) during laparotomy (trauma), and were subjected to 90 minutes of T/HS or trauma sham shock (T/SS). Degree of lung injury was assessed 3 hours after resuscitation with Ringer’s lactate solution. Results: Lung permeability, pulmonary myeloperoxidase levels and the ratio of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein to plasma protein increased after T/HS, and significantly decreased in intraluminal ANGD treated but not in intravenous ANGD treated rats. Histological analysis demonstrated fewer injured villi in the intraluminal ANGD treated rats compared with those in the control rats. Linear regression analysis revealed that the percentage of injured ileal mucosal villi directly related to pulmonary polymorphic neutrophil sequestration and lung permeability to Evans blue dye. Conclusions: Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes in the ischemic gut may be important toxic factors contributing to lung injury after T/HS.