IGBT失效能量传导及能量冲击影响研究

IGBT作为功率开关器件,具有载流密度大、饱和压降低等许多优点,广泛应用于各类电力工程领域,但其也是功率变流器系统最主要的失效部分。当IGBT模块发生短路时,短路电流急剧增大,使得IGBT芯片发热剧烈,当短路能量足够高时,将会引发芯片失效,从而产生大量高温高压的爆生气体。爆生气体经过初始膨胀后将以冲击波能和气体能的形式作用于管壳,当模块管壳无法束缚失效能量时,将会造成模块管壳炸损。如何评估失效能量冲击,文章提出了5种评估方法,即管壳损坏程度评估法、高速摄影法、冲击传感器测量法、电参数测试法、电容能量释放法。通过试验验证发现,管壳损坏程度评估法较为有效,可以使短路能量对管壳的影响变成一个可以定量计算的问题,从而指导管壳结构优化、评价管壳材料强度、限制失效能量对其他子系统的次生伤害。

加热机制对粒径呈幂律分布的颗粒气体中能量均分失效行为的影响

在粒径呈连续分布的颗粒气体系统内,不同组分的颗粒之间的颗粒温度不相等,即能量均分失效.我们采用分子动力学模拟研究边界加热机制对粒径呈幂律分布的颗粒气体中能量均分失效行为的影响.研究发现不仅仅是位于边界热源附近的颗粒,远离边界位于系统内部的、不同组分的颗粒从边界热源获取的能量差越大,系统的能量均分失效就越严重.边界加热机制决定了混合颗粒系统内部的能量均分失效程度的强弱.

Failure Process and Energy Transmission for Single-Layer Reticulated Domes Under Impact Loads

No failure, moderate failure, severe failure, and slight failure are the four failure modes generalized observed in the dynamic response of the single-layer reticulated dome under vertical impact load on apex. TE (the time that the end of impact force) and TF (the time that members are broken) are two key times in the failure process. Characteristics of dynamic responses at the two key times are shown in order to make the failure mechanism clear. Then three steps of energy transfer are summarized, i.e. energy applying, energy loss and energy transfer, energy consump-tion. Based on the three steps, energy transfer process for the failure reticulated dome under once impact is introduced. Energy transmissibility and local loss ratio are put forward firstly to obtain EL F(the energy left in the main reticulated dome) from the initial kinetic energy of impactor. More-over, the distribution of failure modes is decided by EL F which leads to the maximum dynamic re-sponse of the reticulated dome, but not by the initial impact kinetic energy of impactor.

基于智能寻径机制的WSN传输路径稳定算法

针对无线传感网部署过程中存在的网络路径抖动难以抑制以及备用节点易出现能量受限现象等不足,提出了一种基于智能寻径机制的WSN传输路径稳定算法;首先,鉴于传统机制单一选取参数存在的局限性,综合考虑节点剩余能量、传输散射角度等多因子,智能搜寻较为稳定的传输链路,设计了基于能量-角度刺激机制的区域路径收敛方法,该方法综合考虑备用节点能量剩余及传输过程中易出现的抖动因素,通过引入散射迭代方式来增强节点在能量失效情况下的寻径效果,以降低因备用节点选取不当而导致的大面积重传输现象,增强传输路径的抗抖动能力,达到智能寻径的效果;随后,基于动量优化机制,采取按序筛选方式优化备用节点,以规避因备用节点受限而导致传输链路抖动,以改善传输路径稳定性能;仿真实验表明:与当前常用的基于能量管理及路径优化机制的WSN传输路径稳定算法和基于概率贪心机制的3维WSN传输路径稳定算法相比,所提算法具有更强的的路径抗抖能力和更高的网络传输带宽。

Application of Charpy Impact Absorbed Energy to the Safety Assessment Based on SINTAP

The European Structural Integrity Assessment Procedure（SINTAP） was applied to the assessment of welded joints of the API 5L X65 pipeline steel with an assumed embedded flaw and surface flaw at the weld toe. At default level（ level 0）, the assessment point was established by esti- mating fracture toughness value K1c conservatively from Charpy energy test data. At the same time, the analysis level 1 （basic level）was applied based on the fracture toughness CTOD. Then the two assessment levels were compared. The assessment results show that all assessment points are located within the failure lines of analysis levels 0 and 1. So the welded joint of the pipeline is safe. It can be concluded that the assessment based on Charpy absorbed energy is practicable when other fracture toughness data are not available, or cannot be easily obtained. The results are conservative.

Fracture of thermal barrier coating with multiple surface cracks and delaminations:Interlayer effect

Multiple surface cracks and interfacial delamination are the major failure mechanisms in film/substrate systems.The effect of interlayer upon the failure mechanisms of interfacial delamination concomitant to surface crack was explored.Finite element model was developed to obtain the stress and energy release rate(ERR),which governs the propagation of interface cracks.The dependences of delamination upon the geometry and constitutive properties of interlayer were examined.The results indicate that the effect of elastic modulus of interlayer on the steady state ERR is insignificant.In cases of different geometrical parameters,however,the steady ERR decreases with the increase of the interlayer thickness.These findings lead to the conclusion that the interlayer constraint has significant effect on the ERR and thus coating life,which can be adopted to modify the ceramic top coat.

Effects of working parameters on gasoline engine exergy balance

To improve the energy utilization efficiency of internal combustion （IC） engine, exergy analysis was conducted on a passenger car gasoline engine. According to the thermodynamic theory of IC engine, in-cylinder exergy balance model was built. The working processes of gasoline engine were simulated by using the GT-power. In this way, the required parameters were calculated and then gasoline engine exergy balance was obtained by programming on computer. On this basis, the influences of various parameters on exergy balance were analyzed. Results show that, the proportions of various forms of exergy in gasoline engine from high to low are irreversible loss, effective work, exhaust gas exergy and heat transfer exergy. Effective exergy proportion fluctuates with cylinder volumetric efficiency at full load, while it always increases with break mean effective pressure （BMEP） at part load. Exhaust gas exergy proportion is more sensitive to speed, and it increases with speed increasing except at the highest speed. The lower proportion of heat transfer exergy appears at high speed and high load. Irreversible loss is mainly influenced by load. At part load, higher BMEP results in lower proportion of irreversible loss; at full load, the proportion of irreversible loss changes little except at the highest speed.

Failure mechanism and supporting measures for large deformation of Tertiary deep soft rock

The Shenbei mining area in China contains typical soft rock from the Tertiary Period. As mining depths increase, deep soft rock roadways are damaged by large deformations and constantly need to be repaired to meet safety requirements, which is a great security risk. In this study, the characteristics of deformation and failure of typical roadway were analyzed, and the fundamental reason for the roadway deformation was that traditional support methods and materials cannot control the large deformation of deep soft rock. Deep soft rock support technology was developed based on constant resistance energy absorption using constant resistance large deformation bolts. The correlative deformation mechanisms of surrounding rock and bolt were analyzed to understand the principle of constant resistance energy absorption. The new technology works well on-site and provides a new method for the excavation of roadwavs in Tertiary deed soft rock.

Paper Machine Influence on Industrial Energy System

In this paper, the influence of low power factor on electricity system and the influence of paper breaking on heat system are presented. For that, a mathematical model and a case study for a paper mill are realised. The electric mathematical model is based on the relations of energy losses in cables and in transformers as a function of power factor. The thermal mathematical model includes characteristic energy and efficiency of boiler depending on its load. Characteristic of efficiency is modeled by a quadratic dependence between fuel consumption and steam flow. In the case, study were estimated to reduce energy losses for factor neutral （0.92） against real power factor （0.75） for the electrical scheme of a paper machine. Analytical expression of the boiler characteristic and variation of boiler efficiency depending on its load were estimated, too.

Analytical Evaluation of the Energy Losses of an Air Source Heat Pump Water Heater： A Retrofit Type

ASHP （air source heat pump） water heater is a renewable and energy efficient device used for sanitary hot water production. The system comprises of a storage tank and heat pump connected by pipes. These major units can either be compact as in the integrated model or split as in the retro-fit model. In this research, the analysis of energy losses was performed using SIRAC （the Southern African refrigeration and air conditioning） residential split type heat pump of 1.2 kW input power to retrofit a 200 liter high pressure kwikhot storage tank without hot water being drawn off for the entire monitoring period. Likewise to experimentally determine the losses DAS （data acquisition system） was designed and built to measure Ta （ambient temperature; RH-relative humidity）, RH, To （ASHP outlet water temperature）, Ti （ASHP inlet water temperature） and Vh. （volume of water heated by ASHP unit）.The results showed that the heat energy gain to compensate standby losses could range from 1.8 kWh to 2.1 kWh with the corresponding electrical energy used by ASHP water heater ranging from 0.55 kWh to 0.66 kWh. The standby losses depend primarily on the Vh, the Ta and the RH while the influence of （To - Ti） is secondary. The results can be of valuable interest to manufacturer of retrofit ASHP unit for hot water production when matching the electrical energy required to compensate for the standby losses.

Anisotropic lithium-ion migration and electro-chemo-mechanical coupling in Sb_(2)Se_(3) single crystals

Harvesting the promising high energy density of advanced electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries is critically dependent on a mechanistic understanding on how the materials function and degrade along with the battery cycling.Here,we tracked phase transformations during(de)lithiation of Sb_(2)Se_(3) single crystals using in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)technique,and revealed electro-chemo-mechanical evolution at the reaction interface.The effect of this electro-chemo-mechanical coupling has a complicated interplay on the lithiation kinetics and causes various types of defects at the reaction front,including dislocation dipoles,antiphase boundaries,and cracks.In return,the formed cracks and related defects build a path for fast diffusion of lithium ions and trigger a highly anisotropic lithiation at the twisted reaction front,giving rise to the formation of presumably "dead" Sb_(2)Se_(3) nanodomains in amorphous Li_(x)Sb_(2)Se_(3).The detailed mechanistic understanding may facilitate the rational design of high-capacity electrode materials for battery applications.

Efective Parameters on Energy Losses of Fast Electron in Fusion Mediums

The stopping and scattering of fast electrons in a dense plasma relevant to inertial confinement fusion （ICF） are investigated numerically with the latest improved cross section equations. Binary and collective effects are considered to determine beam transport parameters such as range, penetration depth, spreading processes as straggling and blooming versus electron energy and plasma parameters. Blooming and straggling effects, which act as consequences of scattering with statistical assumption in collisions, lead to a non-uniform, extended region of energy deposition. Finally the mean angle of deflections is calculated for different plasma energies.