新质生产力发展与劳动力市场性别平等——基于出口中自动化技术替代视角

新质生产力的基本内涵要求实现劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升。而工业自动化技术作为实现三者优化组合跃升的重要手段,会通过替代效应对不同性别劳动力产生异质性的影响。通过职业层面数据可测度不同职业被自动化技术替代的程度,然后利用行业—职业份额数据、双边进出口数据构建1985—2014年国家或地区层面出口中自动化技术替代程度,并与劳动力市场微观调查数据匹配,实证考察一国出口中自动化技术替代程度对该国劳动力市场中性别平等的影响。研究结果发现:(1)出口中自动化技术替代程度的提升显著加剧了劳动力市场中的性别不平等,主要原因在于自动化技术与女性技能之间存在强替代性,导致女性就业率和职业晋升可能性下降,同时还降低了女性劳动力的收入水平和家庭经济地位;(2)出口中自动化技术替代程度对性别不平等的作用在女性劳动力、已婚劳动力以及低教育水平群体中更为显著;(3)拓展性分析表明,出口中自动化技术替代程度对劳动力市场性别平等的负向冲击显著降低了女性结婚和生育的概率。因此,现阶段各国在普及工业自动化的同时要关注其对特定性别劳动力的冲击,重视对女性劳动力权益的保护。

Fertility preservation in female cancer patients

Cancer is not rare in younger women of reproductive age therefore the preservation of fertility among them has become a significant concern due to aggressive cancer therapy they must undergo.Today different strategies for fertility preservation are available in patients at risk.However,many of these available techniques are still experimental and have limited clinical experience.Under ethical principle,better interdisciplinary cooperation between clinicians and patients,appropriate counseling and further research on cryopreservation and transplantation techniques may enhance their success to preserve fertility of young cancer victims.In this article,the existing and emerging fertility preserving strategies in young cancer female as well as their safety and ethical issues are discussed.